青春期 Adolescence
青春期 Adolescence
● 字源
Adolescence 來自拉丁文 adolescentia(青年期、幼年走向成年的時期),源於動詞 adolescere(成長、長大成熟),由 prefix ad-(向、朝向)與 alere(養育、滋養,引申為成長)結合而成。同源詞有 adult(成年人,原意為「已經成長完畢者」)、alimentary(營養的、食物的)。
這個詞指「從童年期跨越至成年期的轉動過渡階段」,通常伴隨著生理上的第二次性徵發育、心理上的自我認同探索,以及社會角色與獨立性的轉變。它不僅是生理成熟的過程,更是個體建立自主價值觀與人際關係網絡的關鍵時期。
中文譯為「青春期」。在英文中,adolescence 通常作為不可數抽象名詞使用,指稱「青春期這整個發展階段」;若要指稱「處於青春期個體(青少年)」,則常使用名詞 adolescent(可數,複數為 adolescents)。
● 例句(70字長句)
Adolescence, which psychologists study by assessing the changes that puberty initiates, the choices that peer networks influence, and the identities that self-reflection shapes, marks not merely how bodies mature but why behaviors shift within environments that demand independence, so that teenagers establish personal autonomy, while guardians, who fear that risky decisions cause harm, warn that emotional impulses can cloud rational judgment.
● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式
Adolescence,
which psychologists study
by assessing
the changes that puberty initiates,
the choices that peer networks influence,
and the identities that self-reflection shapes,
marks
not merely how bodies mature
but why behaviors shift
within environments
that demand independence,
so that teenagers establish personal autonomy,
while guardians,
who fear that risky decisions cause harm,
warn
that emotional impulses can cloud rational judgment.
● 分解為原初的短小句
Adolescence marks something.
(全句主幹:主詞 Adolescence,動詞 marks,加 s;adolescence 在此為不可數抽象名詞。)
Psychologists study adolescence.
(which 為非限定關係代名詞,指 adolescence,在子句中作 study 的受詞;還原後為 psychologists study adolescence。)
Psychologists assess the changes, the choices, and the identities.
(by assessing 為介系詞 by 加動名詞,表「透過評估/分析……的方式」;三個受詞以 and 並列。)
Puberty initiates the changes.
(第一個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 changes,在子句中作 initiates 的受詞;puberty 表「青春期生理發育/性成熟」;initiate 表「引發、開端」。)
Peer networks influence the choices.
(第二個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 choices,在子句中作 influence 的受詞;peer networks 表「同儕網絡」;influence 表「影響」。)
Self-reflection shapes the identities.
(第三個 that 為限定關係代名詞,指 identities,在子句中作 shapes 的受詞;self-reflection 表「自我反省/沉思」;shape 表「塑造」。)
Bodies mature somehow.
(not merely how bodies mature 為 marks 的第一個受詞;how 引導名詞子句;mature 表「成熟」。)
Behaviors shift for some reasons.
(but why behaviors shift 為 marks 的第二個受詞;why 引導名詞子句;shift 表「轉變、改變」。)
Behaviors shift within environments.
(within 表「在……之中、在……環境下」;environments 表「環境、背景」。)
Environments demand independence.
(that 為限定關係代名詞,指 environments,在子句中作主詞,故 that 後直接接動詞 demand;demand 表「要求、需要」。)
Teenagers establish personal autonomy.
(so that 引導結果子句;teenagers 表「青少年」;establish personal autonomy 表「建立個人自主性」。)
Guardians fear something.
(while 引導對比或讓步子句;guardians 表「監護人、家長」;fear 作動詞,表「擔憂、害怕」。)
Risky decisions cause harm.
(that 為連接詞,引導 fear 的受詞子句;risky decisions 表「具風險的決定」;cause harm 表「造成傷害」。)
Guardians warn something.
(warn that ... 的 that 子句為 warn 的內容;warn 表「警告、提醒」。)
Emotional impulses can cloud rational judgment.
(that 為連接詞,引導 warn 的受詞子句;emotional impulses 表「情緒衝動」;cloud 作動詞,表「遮蔽、使模糊」;rational judgment 表「理性判斷」。)
● 文法解析
1. 非限定 which 子句與三個限定 that 子句
Adolescence, which psychologists study by assessing the changes that puberty initiates, the choices that peer networks influence, and the identities that self-reflection shapes, marks ...
先以非限定 which 子句說明心理學家研究青春期的方法,再回到主要動詞 marks(標誌著、象徵著)。子句中的三個 that 都是限定關係代名詞,分別指 changes、choices 與 identities,並且都在各自的子句中作動詞受詞:puberty initiates the changes、peer networks influence the choices、self-reflection shapes the identities。因此每個 that 後面都直接接主詞,動詞後切勿再重複加受詞代名詞(如不可寫成 that puberty initiates them)。
2. not merely ... but ... 與名詞子句
主幹 marks not merely how bodies mature but why behaviors shift within environments that demand independence 使用 not merely A but B(不只是 A,更是 B)的平行對比結構。第一個受詞是 how bodies mature,由疑問副詞 how 引導的名詞子句;第二個受詞是 why behaviors shift within environments ...,由 why 引導的名詞子句。第三個 that 則是限定關係代名詞,指 environments,並在子句中作主詞(that demand ...)。
3. so that 結果子句與發展心理學片語
so that teenagers establish personal autonomy 表示結果:因為青春期促使行為適應要求獨立的環境,青少年因而得以建立個人自主性。personal autonomy 為發展心理學關鍵概念,指個體自我決定與獨立思考的能力。
4. while 對比子句、who 限定子句與 that 名詞子句
while guardians, who fear that risky decisions cause harm, warn that emotional impulses can cloud rational judgment 中,while 引出對比:青少年追求獨立自主,但家長則擔憂風險與盲動。who fear that ... 是限定關係子句,who 指 guardians 並作主詞。句中的第一個 that 是連接詞,引導 fear 的內容;第二個 that 也是連接詞,引導 warn 的內容。句末的 cloud 作動詞,意為「使……遮蔽/蒙蔽」,cloud rational judgment 即「蒙蔽理性判斷」。
● 參考翻譯
青春期(心理學家透過評估青春期生理發育所引發的改變、同儕網絡所影響的抉擇,以及自我反省所塑造的認同來進行研究)所標誌的,不只是身體如何成熟,更是行為為何會在要求獨立的環境中發生轉變,使得青少年能建立個人自主性;然而,監護人(擔心冒險的決定會造成傷害)警告,情緒衝動可能會蒙蔽理性判斷。
● 逆向工程
請不要看原來的整個長句,只看分解出來的短句,試著倒回去寫出完整長句:
Adolescence marks something.
Psychologists study adolescence.
Psychologists assess the changes, the choices, and the identities.
Puberty initiates the changes.
Peer networks influence the choices.
Self-reflection shapes the identities.
Bodies mature somehow.
Behaviors shift for some reasons.
Behaviors shift within environments.
Environments demand independence.
Teenagers establish personal autonomy.
Guardians fear something.
Risky decisions cause harm.
Guardians warn something.
Emotional impulses can cloud rational judgment.
組合順序提示:
先用 which psychologists study by assessing ... 把第 2、3 句變成修飾 adolescence 的非限定子句。
再用三個限定 that 子句,把第 4、5、6 句分別接在 changes、choices、identities 之後。
用 marks not merely how bodies ... but why behaviors ... 把第 7、8、9 句連成主幹。
用 that demand independence 把第 10 句接在 environments 之後。
用 so that teenagers establish ... 把第 11 句變成結果子句。
最後用 while guardians, who fear that ..., warn that ... 把第 12 至 15 句變成對比子句。
完成後對照:
Adolescence, which psychologists study by assessing the changes that puberty initiates, the choices that peer networks influence, and the identities that self-reflection shapes, marks not merely how bodies mature but why behaviors shift within environments that demand independence, so that teenagers establish personal autonomy, while guardians, who fear that risky decisions cause harm, warn that emotional impulses can cloud rational judgment.
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