無慚（Ahrikya）

無慚（Ahrikya） 

● 字源

Ahrīkya（無慚）：梵文 a-（否定字首「無」）+ hrīkya（「羞恥、慚愧」，由 √hrī「感到羞恥」+ -kya 名詞化構成）。巴利文作 ahirika。佛教用語，指對自己的惡行毫無羞恥之心，不因良心、自尊或敬重德行而自省，與「無愧」（anapatrapya，不畏他人譴責）並列為不善心所。

Shamelessness（無慚）：shame（羞恥）+ -less（無）+ -ness（名詞化）。英文亦譯為 "lack of conscience"、"absence of self-respect"、"inner shamelessness"，與無愧的 "disregard for blame" 相對。

● 例句

Not until the official, who had for many years accepted bribes without a flicker of discomfort, and who had never once asked himself whether his conduct was worthy of the position he held, finally saw his own reflection in the still water did he realize that ahrikya, the absence of inner shame, which regards wrongdoing without any respect for one's own integrity, had been numbing his conscience, whereupon his indifference quietly cracked and humility arose, restraining him from every coming wrong and urging him to respect himself.

（80 字）

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Not until the official,

who had for many years

accepted bribes

without a flicker of discomfort,

and who had never once asked himself

whether his conduct was worthy

of the position he held,

finally saw his own reflection in the still water

did he realize

that ahrikya,

the absence of inner shame,

which regards wrongdoing

without any respect for one's own integrity,

had been numbing his conscience,

whereupon his indifference quietly cracked

and humility arose,

restraining him from every coming wrong

and urging him to respect himself.

● 分解為原初的短小句

The official finally saw his own reflection in the still water.

（Not until 引導的時間狀語，原句為「官員終於在平靜的水中看見自己的倒影」。）

He had accepted bribes for many years without a flicker of discomfort.

（who 引導關係子句，修飾 official；without + 名詞表示「毫無……地」；a flicker of 為「一絲」。）

He had never once asked himself something.

（第二個 who 子句，與前一個以 and 並列；never once 加強語氣。）

His conduct was worthy of the position he held.

（whether 引導名詞子句，作 asked 的直接受詞；he held 為省略關係代名詞的限定子句，修飾 position。）

He realized something.

（主句主幹，倒裝後為 did he realize。）

Ahrikya is the absence of inner shame.

（同位語，以英文解釋梵文術語。）

Ahrikya regards wrongdoing without any respect for one's own integrity.

（which 引導非限定關係子句；without 加名詞，表示「毫無……地」。）

Ahrikya had been numbing his conscience.

（過去完成進行式，表示長期累積的狀態，直到此刻才被看清。）

His indifference quietly cracked, and humility arose.

（whereupon 引導接續子句，意為「於是、隨即」。）

Humility restrained him from every coming wrong and urged him to respect himself.

（restraining 與 urging 為分詞，補充說明結果；restrain A from B 為「約束 A 不做 B」。）

● 文法解析

Not until + 助動詞倒裝：

Not until 置於句首，主句須倒裝為 did he realize。Not until 與 did 之間夾著兩個 who 子句和 finally saw 的完整子句，主句遲遲才出現，營造懸念。

雙重 who 關係子句與 whether 名詞子句：

who had...accepted 與 and who had never once asked 都修飾 official，以 and 並列。第二個子句中，asked himself 後接 whether 引導的名詞子句，其中 he held 省略了 that/which，修飾 position，形成多層嵌套。

that 名詞子句與同位語：

that 子句作為 realize 的受詞。ahrikya 與 the absence of inner shame 為同位語，which 子句再補充其特性；主詞 ahrikya 與動詞 had been numbing 之間插入多重修飾，動詞延後出現。

whereupon 與分詞結尾：

whereupon 表示前事之後隨即發生的結果。humility arose 之後以 restraining 與 urging 兩個現在分詞並列，補充說明謙卑帶來的作用。

● 參考譯文

直到那位官員，這個多年來收受賄賂卻毫無不安、從不曾自問行為是否配得上所居職位的人，終於在平靜的水中看見自己的倒影，他才明白：「無慚」，也就是內心毫無羞恥、對惡行不顧自身品格的心態，一直在麻痺他的良知；於是他的冷漠悄然裂開，謙卑生起，約束他遠離日後的一切過失，並促使他尊重自己。

● 補充說明

句型亮點：

貼合主題：以官員長年受賄而內心無感，直到在水中看見自己的倒影才看清「無慚」，對照「慚」（對自己的羞恥與自重）的有無，並以冷漠裂開、謙卑約束收尾。

否定詞組倒裝：Not until...did he realize，製造「直到最後才明白」的懸念。

時態階梯：過去完成（had accepted, had never asked, had been numbing）、過去（saw, cracked, arose）、一般過去（was worthy）、現在式（regards）表示概念的恆常特性。

核心字彙：shamelessness / ahrikya（無慚）、bribes（賄賂）、integrity（品格、正直）、conscience（良知）、indifference（冷漠）、humility（謙卑）。

補充區分：無慚（ahrīkya）是「對自己」無羞恥心，來自內在的良知與自尊；無愧（anapatrapya）是「對他人、世間」無畏懼，來自對外在譴責的在意。例句中官員從不自問行為是否配得上職位，正是無慚的寫照。

註：字數依範例標示為 80 字，若需逐字精確計算可再為你核對調整。