無貪 (Alobha)

無貪 (Alobha)

● 字源

Alobha（無貪）：梵文／巴利文同形，a-（否定字首「無」）+ lobha（貪、渴求，源自 √lubh「渴望、貪求」）。佛教用語，指不貪著、不執取，是三善根（無貪、無瞋、無癡）之首，也是布施與捨離的根源。

Non-greed / Non-attachment（無貪）：non-（否定）+ greed／attachment。英文常譯為 "non-greed"、"non-attachment"，或 "generosity"（強調其正向作用）。

● 例句

Little did the two hungry monks, who had long wished to be worthy heirs of the Dhamma rather than of material things, imagine that the Buddha, whom they deeply revered, would praise the one who, having declined the leftover almsfood offered to them, endured the night fasting, teaching alobha, the generous freedom from craving for possessions and comforts, whereupon grasping slowly loosened and quiet contentment gradually settled in the heart.

（70 字）

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Little did the two hungry monks,

who had long wished

to be worthy heirs of the Dhamma

rather than of material things,

imagine

that the Buddha,

whom they deeply revered,

would praise the one

who, having declined the leftover almsfood offered to them,

endured the night fasting,

teaching alobha,

the generous freedom

from craving for possessions and comforts,

whereupon grasping slowly loosened

and quiet contentment gradually settled in the heart.

● 分解為原初的短小句

The two hungry monks little imagined that the Buddha would praise one of them.

（Little 置於句首造成倒裝；主句主幹為 imagine 引導的 that 名詞子句。）

They had long wished to be worthy heirs of the Dhamma rather than of material things.

（who 引導關係子句，修飾 monks，說明他們的志向；rather than 表示取捨。）

They deeply revered the Buddha.

（whom 引導關係子句，受詞前置為 whom。）

One of them had declined the leftover almsfood offered to them.

（having declined 為完成式分詞片語，表示先於 endured 的動作。）

He endured the night fasting.

（who 子句的主要動詞，fasting 為補充說明狀態的分詞。）

The Buddha taught alobha.

（分詞片語 teaching，表示稱讚的同時所宣說的教義。）

Alobha is the generous freedom from craving for possessions and comforts.

（同位語，說明 alobha 的意涵；from 之後接 craving for 的受詞。）

Grasping slowly loosened, and quiet contentment gradually settled in the heart.

（whereupon 引導接續子句，意為「於是、隨即」。）

● 文法解析

Little + 助動詞倒裝（Little did + 主詞 + 原形動詞）：

否定意味的 Little 置於句首引發倒裝，意為「完全沒想到」。did 提前，主詞 the two hungry monks 隨後。主要動詞 imagine 被 who 關係子句隔開，遲遲才出現。

who 關係子句與 rather than 結構：

who had long wished to be worthy heirs of the Dhamma 修飾 monks。rather than of material things 與 of the Dhamma 並列對照，點出「法的繼承者」與「財物的繼承者」之別。

that 名詞子句與雙重嵌套：

that 子句作為 imagine 的受詞。主詞 the Buddha 與動詞 would praise 之間插入 whom 關係子句；the one 之後的 who 子句內又嵌入 having declined... 分詞片語，形成雙重嵌套。

同位語與 whereupon 接續子句：

alobha 之後的 the generous freedom... 是同位語，解釋教義內容。whereupon 表示前一事件之後隨即發生的結果，說明執取鬆動、知足安住。

● 參考譯文

兩位飢餓的比丘長久以來希望成為法的繼承者，而非財物的繼承者；他們萬萬沒想到，自己深深敬重的佛陀，竟讚歎那位婉拒了施與的剩餘食物、整夜忍飢的比丘，並宣說「無貪」，亦即不貪求財物與安逸的慷慨自在，於是執取漸漸鬆動，寧靜的知足也慢慢在心中安住。

● 補充說明

句型亮點：

貼合主題：取材自《法嗣經》（Dhammadāyāda Sutta，MN 3）中佛陀讚歎寧可忍飢、不取剩食的比丘，呈現無貪的實踐，並以執取鬆動、知足安住收尾。

否定副詞倒裝：Little did... imagine 開頭，製造「萬萬沒想到」的懸念。

時態階梯：過去完成（had long wished, having declined）、過去（did imagine, endured）、過去視角的未來（would praise）、過去結果（loosened / settled）。

核心字彙：almsfood（施食）、heirs（繼承者）、revered（敬重）、craving（渴求）、grasping（執取）、contentment（知足）。

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