無癡 (Amoha)

無癡  (Amoha)

● 字源

Amoha（無癡）：梵文 a-（否定字首「無」）+ moha（愚癡、迷惑，源自 √muh「迷亂、昏昧」）。巴利文作 amoha。佛教用語，癡指對事理無明、不辨因果實相的愚昧；無癡即以智慧如實了知諸法，與慧相應。它與無貪（alobha）、無瞋（adveṣa）合稱「三善根」，在唯識中也是十一善心所之一。

Non-delusion / Non-ignorance（無癡）：non- + delusion／ignorance。英文常譯為 "non-delusion"、"non-ignorance"，或 "clarity"、"wisdom"。

● 例句

Never had the old ferryman, who for decades had blamed the river for every drowned traveler that it had swallowed, supposed that, on the morning when the flood finally subsided and left the silt lying bare, he would stand upon the bank, read in the changed shoreline the patient logic of rain and slope, and see, where fear had long clouded his eyes, only the plain working of causes, so that the myths he had muttered fell away, the curse he had cherished lost its power, and his mind, once dim as a lantern in fog, grew clear as water settling in a bowl.

（約 80 字）

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Never had the old ferryman,

who for decades had blamed the river

for every drowned traveler

that it had swallowed,

supposed

that, on the morning when the flood finally subsided and left the silt lying bare,

he would stand upon the bank,

read in the changed shoreline the patient logic of rain and slope,

and see,

where fear had long clouded his eyes,

only the plain working of causes,

so that the myths he had muttered fell away,

the curse he had cherished lost its power,

and his mind,

once dim as a lantern in fog,

grew clear as water settling in a bowl.

● 分解為原初的短小句

The ferryman never supposed that he would stand upon the bank.

（Never 置於句首造成倒裝；主幹為 suppose 引導的 that 名詞子句。）

He had blamed the river for decades.

（who 引導關係子句，修飾 ferryman；had blamed 為過去完成。）

The river had swallowed every drowned traveler.

（that 引導關係子句，修飾 traveler，交代責怪的由來。）

The flood finally subsided that morning.

（when 引導關係子句，修飾 morning；subside 意為退去。）

The flood left the silt lying bare.

（left + 受詞 + 現在分詞，表留下的狀態。）

He would stand upon the bank.

（would 表過去視角的未來。）

He would read the patient logic of rain and slope in the changed shoreline.

（與前句並列的動作；read in 表「從中讀出」。）

He would see only the plain working of causes.

（causes 即無癡的內涵：如實見因果。）

Fear had long clouded his eyes.

（where 引導的插入子句，指原先被恐懼遮蔽視線之處。）

The myths he had muttered fell away.

（he had muttered 為省略關係詞的子句，修飾 myths。）

The curse he had cherished lost its power.

（he had cherished 同為省略關係詞的子句，修飾 curse。）

His mind had been dim as a lantern in fog.

（once dim as a lantern in fog 為插入語，as 引導明喻。）

His mind grew clear as water settling in a bowl.

（grew clear 表漸趨澄明，與前面的「霧中燈」形成對比。）

● 文法解析

Never + 助動詞倒裝（Never had + 主詞 + 過去分詞）：

否定副詞 Never 置於句首，had 提前，主詞 the old ferryman 隨後。主要動詞 supposed 被 who 關係子句隔開，遲遲才出現，製造「萬萬沒想到」的懸念。

who 與 that 關係子句：

who for decades had blamed the river 修飾 ferryman；that it had swallowed 修飾 traveler，層層交代迷信與歸咎的背景。

that 名詞子句與三個並列動詞：

supposed 之後的 that 子句中，on the morning when... 為時間狀語，隨後 stand、read、see 三個原形動詞並列，共用 would。

where 插入子句與 so that 結果子句：

where fear had long clouded his eyes 插在 see 與 only the plain working of causes 之間，把「愚昧遮蔽」與「如實看見」放在同一處對照。so that 之後三個並列子句（fell away / lost its power / grew clear）表示結果。once dim as a lantern in fog 為插入語，與 clear as water settling in a bowl 構成前後對比。

● 參考譯文

老船夫幾十年來把每一個溺斃旅人的死都怪罪於河；他萬萬沒想到，在洪水終於退去、泥沙裸露的那個清晨，自己竟會站在岸上，從改變的河岸線讀出雨水與坡度的耐心邏輯，並在曾經被恐懼蒙住雙眼之處，只看見因緣運作的平實樣貌。於是他低聲念誦的傳說剝落了，他珍藏的詛咒失去了力量，他那曾如霧中燈火般昏暗的心，像沉澱在碗中的水一樣澄澈了。

● 補充說明

句型亮點：

貼合主題： 以「癡」（愚昧迷信）轉為「無癡」（如實智慧）為核心，從歸咎、觀察到洞見，呈現不再迷惑的內在轉變。

否定副詞倒裝： Never had... supposed 開頭，製造意外感。

意象對比： lantern in fog（霧中燈）對 water settling in a bowl（碗中沉澱的水），象徵心從昏昧到澄明。

時態階梯： 過去完成（had blamed, had swallowed, had clouded）、過去視角的未來（would stand / read / see）、過去結果（fell away / lost / grew clear）。

核心字彙： subside（退去）、silt（泥沙）、shoreline（河岸線）、cherish（珍藏）、mutter（低聲念誦）、cloud（蒙蔽）、settle（沉澱）。