無愧(Anapatrapya)

無愧(Anapatrapya)

● 字源

Anapatrapya（無愧）：梵文 an-（否定字首「無」）+ apatrapya（「羞愧、畏懼譏責」，由 apa-「離、away」+ √trap「羞、畏」+ -ya 名詞化構成）。巴利文作 anottappa。 Anapatrapa 較少見，標準拼法為 anapatrāpya。佛教用語，指對他人、世間的譴責毫無畏懼，不怕做錯事被人批評，與「無慚」（ahrīkya，對自己無羞恥心）並列為不善心所。

Shamelessness（無愧）：shame（羞恥）+ -less（無）+ -ness（名詞化）。英文亦譯為 "lack of moral dread"、"disregard for blame"。

● 例句

Not until the merchant, who had for many years grown wealthy by quietly deceiving those who trusted him, and who had never once feared being judged, finally trembled before the blame of the wise did he realize that anapatrapya, the absence of moral dread, which looks upon wrongdoing without any fear of censure from others, had been hardening his heart, whereupon his pride quietly dissolved and remorse arose, guarding him from every future wrong and teaching him to honor others.

（80 字）

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Not until the merchant,

who had for many years

grown wealthy

by quietly deceiving those who trusted him,

and who had never once feared being judged,

finally trembled before the blame of the wise

did he realize

that anapatrapya,

the absence of moral dread,

which looks upon wrongdoing

without any fear of censure from others,

had been hardening his heart,

whereupon his pride quietly dissolved

and remorse arose,

guarding him from every future wrong

and teaching him to honor others.

● 分解為原初的短小句

The merchant finally trembled before the blame of the wise.

（Not until 引導的時間狀語，原句為「商人終於在智者的責備前顫慄」。）

He had grown wealthy for many years by quietly deceiving those who trusted him.

（who 引導關係子句，修飾 merchant；by + 動名詞說明致富的手段；those who 為「那些……的人」。）

He had never once feared being judged.

（第二個 who 子句，與前一個以 and 並列；never once 加強語氣，being judged 為被動動名詞。）

He realized something.

（主句主幹，倒裝後為 did he realize。）

Anapatrapya is the absence of moral dread.

（同位語，以英文解釋梵文術語。）

Anapatrapya looks upon wrongdoing without any fear of censure from others.

（which 引導非限定關係子句；without 加名詞，表示「毫無……地」。）

Anapatrapya had been hardening his heart.

（過去完成進行式，表示長期累積的狀態，直到此刻才被看清。）

His pride quietly dissolved, and remorse arose.

（whereupon 引導接續子句，意為「於是、隨即」。）

Remorse guarded him from every future wrong and taught him to honor others.

（guarding 為分詞，補充說明結果；guard A from B 為「保護 A 免於 B」，and 連接兩個分詞。）

● 文法解析

Not until + 助動詞倒裝：

Not until 置於句首，主句須倒裝為 did he realize。Not until 與 did 之間夾著兩個 who 子句和 finally trembled 的完整子句，主句遲遲才出現，營造懸念。

雙重 who 關係子句與 and 並列：

who had... grown wealthy 與 and who had never once feared 都修飾 merchant。兩者以 and 並列，各自保有關係代名詞，形成平行結構，一正一反地刻畫商人的過去。

that 名詞子句與同位語：

that 子句作為 realize 的受詞。anapatrapya 與 the absence of moral dread 為同位語，which 子句再補充其特性；主詞 anapatrapya 與動詞 had been hardening 之間插入多重修飾，動詞延後出現。

whereupon 與分詞結尾：

whereupon 表示前事之後隨即發生的結果。arose 之後以 guarding 與 teaching 兩個現在分詞並列，補充說明悔意帶來的作用。

● 參考譯文

直到那位商人，這個多年來暗中欺騙信任他的人而致富、從不曾害怕被人評判的人，終於在智者的責備前顫慄，他才明白：「無愧」，也就是對惡行毫無道德敬畏、不怕他人譴責的心態，一直在使他的心變得僵硬；於是他的驕傲悄然瓦解，悔意生起，守護他遠離日後的一切過失，並教他學會尊重他人。

● 補充說明

句型亮點：

貼合主題：以商人長年不畏人言、欺瞞致富，直到在智者面前生起羞懼才看清「無愧」，對照「愧」（畏他人譴責）的有無，並以驕傲消融、悔意守護收尾。

否定詞組倒裝：Not until...did he realize，製造「直到最後才明白」的懸念。

時態階梯：過去完成（had grown, had never feared, had been hardening）、過去（trembled, dissolved, arose）、現在式（looks upon）表示概念的恆常特性。

核心字彙：shamelessness / anapatrapya（無愧）、deceiving（欺騙）、censure（譴責）、dread（敬畏、畏懼）、remorse（悔意）、dissolved（消融）。

補充區分：無慚（ahrīkya）是「對自己」無羞恥心，無愧（anapatrapya）是「對他人、世間」無畏懼，例句中商人「不怕被人評判」，正是無愧的寫照。