無漏 (Anasrava)
無漏 (Anasrava)
● 字源
Anāsrava(無漏):梵文 an-(否定字首「無」)+ āsrava(漏、流出,源自 ā- + √sru「流」)。巴利文作 anāsava。佛教用語,「漏」指煩惱,因煩惱如瓶漏般從六根流出、使心不得安穩,故稱為漏(欲漏、有漏、無明漏)。無漏即已斷盡煩惱,是阿羅漢解脫境界的特徵。
Taint-free / Influx-free(無漏):un-/free of + taint/influx。英文常譯為 "taint-free"、"without outflows",或 "undefiled"、"pure"。
● 例句
Little did the weary monk, who had long sat beneath the quiet tree hoping that his careful practice would one day bear fruit, expect that the Buddha, whom he deeply honored, would declare him anasrava, free of every taint of sensual desire, becoming, and ignorance, whereupon doubt vanished like mist at dawn and a deep, silent peace filled his entire being.
(約 80 字)
● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式
Little did the weary monk,
who had long sat beneath the quiet tree
hoping
that his careful practice would one day bear fruit,
expect
that the Buddha,
whom he deeply honored,
would declare him anasrava,
free of every taint
of sensual desire, becoming, and ignorance,
whereupon doubt vanished like mist at dawn
and a deep, silent peace filled his entire being.
● 分解為原初的短小句
The weary monk little expected that the Buddha would declare him anasrava.
(Little 置於句首造成倒裝;主句主幹為 expect 引導的 that 名詞子句。)
He had long sat beneath the quiet tree.
(who 引導關係子句,修飾 monk,交代他長久修行的情景。)
He hoped that his careful practice would one day bear fruit.
(hoping 為分詞片語,that 子句為 hope 的受詞;would 表過去視角的未來。)
He deeply honored the Buddha.
(whom 引導關係子句,受詞前置為 whom。)
The Buddha declared him anasrava.
(declare + 受詞 + 補語,意為「宣告他為無漏者」。)
He was free of every taint of sensual desire, becoming, and ignorance.
(free of 形容詞片語作補充說明;三者即欲漏、有漏、無明漏。)
Doubt vanished like mist at dawn.
(whereupon 引導接續子句,意為「於是、隨即」;like 引導明喻。)
A deep, silent peace filled his entire being.
(與前句以 and 並列,同屬 whereupon 之後的結果。)
● 文法解析
Little + 助動詞倒裝(Little did + 主詞 + 原形動詞):
否定意味的 Little 置於句首引發倒裝,意為「完全沒想到」。did 提前,主詞 the weary monk 隨後,主要動詞 expect 被 who 關係子句隔開,遲遲才出現。
who 關係子句與 hoping 分詞片語:
who had long sat beneath the quiet tree 修飾 monk。hoping 之後的 that 子句說明他的期待,與後面的 expect 形成「所盼」與「所料」的對照。
that 名詞子句與雙重嵌套:
第二個 that 子句作為 expect 的受詞。主詞 the Buddha 與動詞 would declare 之間插入 whom 關係子句,形成嵌套。
補語片語與 whereupon 接續子句:
declare him anasrava 中,anasrava 為受詞補語;free of every taint... 進一步解釋其內涵。whereupon 表示前一事件之後隨即發生的結果,呈現疑惑消散、安寧充滿。
● 參考譯文
疲憊的比丘長久坐在寂靜的樹下,盼望自己謹慎的修行有朝一日能結出果實;他萬萬沒想到,自己深深敬重的佛陀,竟宣告他為無漏者,已脫離欲、有、無明一切煩惱的染著,於是疑惑如晨霧般消散,深沉而寂靜的安寧充滿了他整個身心。
● 補充說明
句型亮點:
貼合主題:以「漏」(煩惱流出)為核心,三漏(欲漏、有漏、無明漏)對應 sensual desire, becoming, ignorance,並以疑惑消散、安寧充滿收尾。
否定副詞倒裝:Little did... expect 開頭,製造「萬萬沒想到」的懸念。
時態階梯:過去完成(had long sat)、過去視角的未來(would bear fruit, would declare)、過去結果(vanished / filled)。
核心字彙:taint(染污、漏)、honored(敬重)、sensual desire(欲)、becoming(有)、ignorance(無明)、whereupon(於是)。
留言
張貼留言