水產養殖業 aquaculture

水產養殖業 aquaculture

● 字源

Aquaculture(水產養殖業、水產養殖)由拉丁文 aqua(「水」)加上 cultura(「耕種、培養」)組成,字面意為「水的耕作」。此詞仿 agriculture 造出,是現代英語的通用術語。指人類在池塘、網箱、水槽、海域等水體中,控制條件來繁殖、飼養與收成魚類、貝類、蝦蟹與藻類的產業與技術。與 pisciculture(僅指養魚)相比,aquaculture 範圍更廣,是涵蓋所有水生生物的上位詞。中文譯為「水產養殖業」或「水產養殖」。

● 例句(90字長句)

What many consumers fail to realize is that aquaculture, rearing fish, shellfish, and seaweed under conditions people themselves control, now supplies roughly half of all the seafood reaching tables worldwide, with ponds, cages, and tanks multiplying along shorelines from Asia to Latin America, so that the more demand grows, the more growers must learn to expand output without fouling the shared coastal waters on which every future harvest, long taken for granted, will increasingly depend, regardless of whether feed, medicine, and clean space are plentiful enough to keep production profitable.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

What many consumers fail to realize is that aquaculture,

rearing fish, shellfish, and seaweed under conditions people themselves control,

now supplies roughly half of all the seafood reaching tables worldwide,

with ponds, cages, and tanks multiplying along shorelines from Asia to Latin America,

so that the more demand grows, the more growers must learn to expand output

without fouling the shared coastal waters

on which every future harvest, long taken for granted, will increasingly depend,

regardless of whether feed, medicine, and clean space are plentiful enough to keep production profitable.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Many consumers fail to realize something.

(What many consumers fail to realize 為 what 引導的名詞子句,作全句主詞;fail to + 原形動詞表「未能、沒有(做到)」;realize 的受詞被 what 取代並提前。)

Aquaculture rears fish, shellfish, and seaweed.

(rearing ... 為現在分詞片語,插在主詞與謂語之間作補充說明,相當於 which rears ...;rear 表「飼養、培育」;三項名詞並列。)

People themselves control the conditions.

(conditions people themselves control 省略受格關係代名詞 that;themselves 為反身代名詞,強調「人類自己」掌控;under conditions 表「在……條件下」。)

Aquaculture now supplies roughly half of the seafood.

(roughly 修飾 half;half of all the seafood 中,all the 置於名詞前加強「全部」之意;supply 表「供應」。)

The seafood reaches tables worldwide.

(reaching tables worldwide 為現在分詞片語,後置修飾 seafood,表「正在抵達」;worldwide 為副詞。)

Ponds, cages, and tanks multiply along shorelines from Asia to Latin America.

(with + 受詞 + 現在分詞 multiplying,為表附帶狀況的結構,主要子句與此動作同時發生;from ... to ... 表範圍。)

Demand grows more, and growers must learn more.

(the more ..., the more ... 為比例比較結構,表「越……就越……」;前後兩個 the 皆為副詞,修飾比較級。)

Growers must learn to expand output.

(must learn to 表「必須學會」;expand 為及物動詞,受詞為 output。)

Growers expand output without fouling the waters.

(without 為介系詞,後接動名詞 fouling,表「而不……」;foul 作動詞,指「污染、弄髒」。)

The coastal waters are shared.

(shared 為過去分詞作形容詞,修飾 waters,指多方共用的水域。)

Every future harvest will increasingly depend on the waters.

(on which 為「介系詞+關係代名詞」,引導限定關係子句修飾 waters;depend 須搭配 on,故 on 隨 which 一同前移;increasingly 為副詞,修飾 will depend。)

The harvest has long been taken for granted.

(long taken for granted 為過去分詞片語,省略 which has been,插在 harvest 與 will 之間;take ... for granted 表「視……為理所當然」。)

Feed, medicine, and clean space may be plentiful enough.

(whether 引導名詞子句,作 regardless of 的受詞;形容詞 + enough + to 不定詞,表「足夠到能……」。)

Plentiful resources keep production profitable.

(to keep production profitable 為不定詞片語,表目的;keep + 受詞 + 形容詞,表「使維持某種狀態」。)

● 文法解析

What 名詞子句作主詞,that 子句作補語:

What many consumers fail to realize is that ... 是「主詞 + be + that 子句」的句型。What 引導的名詞子句作主詞,其中 what 同時是 realize 的受詞,所以 realize 後面不再接受詞。is 之後的 that 子句作主詞補語,補充說明「消費者忽略的是什麼」。這個結構又稱假分裂句,先提出懸念,再公布答案,適合引起讀者注意。

現在分詞片語的兩種用法:

aquaculture, rearing fish, shellfish, and seaweed ... 中的 rearing 片語前後有逗號,插在主詞與謂語 supplies 之間,作補充說明,等於非限定關係子句 which rears。而 seafood reaching tables worldwide 的 reaching 片語沒有逗號,直接後置修飾 seafood,等於限定關係子句 that reaches。兩處都使用現在分詞,但一個補充說明,一個限定範圍,用法不同。另外 under conditions people themselves control 省略了 that,與 reaching 一起,使句子更簡潔。

with 附帶狀況與 so that 結果子句:

with ponds, cages, and tanks multiplying ... 是「with + 受詞 + 現在分詞」,表示與主要動作同時進行的背景。受詞 ponds, cages, and tanks 與 multiplying 之間為主動關係,所以用現在分詞而非過去分詞。接著 so that 引導結果子句,說明前面的情勢帶來的後果:需求越高,養殖業者越要想辦法應付。

the more ..., the more ... 比例比較:

the more demand grows, the more growers must learn to expand output 以兩個 the more 前後對應,表示兩件事同步增減。前半為從屬子句(demand grows 正常語序),後半為主要子句(growers must learn ...)。此結構的特點是兩個 the 後面都跟比較級,且比較級要緊貼 the 放在子句開頭,與一般語序不同。

without + 動名詞與介系詞 + which:

without fouling the shared coastal waters 中,介系詞 without 後必須接名詞性成分,所以動詞 foul 要變成動名詞 fouling。on which every future harvest ... will increasingly depend 的 on which 為「介系詞+關係代名詞」,因為 depend 要與 on 搭配,所以 on 與 which 一同置於子句開頭。long taken for granted 則是插入語,省略了 which has been,使「長期被視為理所當然」與「未來將越來越依賴」形成時間上的對照。

regardless of whether 與 enough to:

regardless of whether feed, medicine, and clean space are plentiful enough to keep production profitable 以 regardless of 表「不論」,介系詞後接 whether 名詞子句,說明結果不受這些條件影響。plentiful enough to keep ... 為「形容詞 + enough + to 不定詞」,表程度足以達成目的;keep production profitable 則為「keep + 受詞 + 形容詞」結構。全句因此以「不論資源是否足夠」作結,與開頭「消費者沒意識到」的主旨相呼應。

(全句字數核對:90 字。)

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