植樹業 arboriculture

植樹業 arboriculture

● 字源

Arboriculture（植樹業、樹木栽培業）由拉丁文 arbor（屬格 arboris，「樹」）加上 cultura（「耕種、培養」）組成，字面意為「樹的栽培」。此詞仿 agriculture、horticulture 等詞造出，是現代英語的通用術語。指人類栽培、修剪、移植與照護樹木、灌木及藤本植物的產業與技術，涵蓋苗木培育、行道樹與公園樹管理、病蟲害防治及樹木保育。植樹業屬於園藝業（horticulture）的分支，與都市綠化、防災、景觀及環境保護關係密切。中文譯為「植樹業」或「樹木栽培業」。

● 例句（80字長句）

Seldom did hurried commuters stop to consider that arboriculture, which asks for the careful planting and trimming of saplings to shade streets, parks, and yards as well as to safeguard the roots that hold hillsides firm, is measured less by the height of a tall crown than by the quiet pruning labor it requires, until a sudden storm, if underestimated, forced worried towns to fell trees that had long looked sturdy to their neighbors and safe from every rising gale.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Seldom did hurried commuters stop to consider that arboriculture,

which asks for the careful planting and trimming of saplings to shade streets, parks, and yards as well as to safeguard the roots that hold hillsides firm,

is measured less by the height of a tall crown than by the quiet pruning labor it requires,

until a sudden storm,

if underestimated,

forced worried towns to fell trees

that had long looked sturdy to their neighbors and safe from every rising gale.

● 分解為原初的短小句

Hurried commuters seldom stopped to consider something.

（Seldom 置句首，主詞與助動詞倒裝為 did hurried commuters；stop to consider 為「停下來去思考」，to consider 為不定詞，表目的；consider 後接 that 名詞子句。）

Arboriculture asks for the careful planting and trimming of saplings.

（which 非限定關係子句；ask for 表「需要、要求」；planting and trimming 為並列名詞，of saplings 表對象；careful 修飾兩個並列名詞。）

The planting and trimming shade streets, parks, and yards.

（to shade 為不定詞片語，表目的；shade 在此作動詞，指「為……遮蔭」；三項名詞以逗號並列。）

The planting and trimming also safeguard the roots.

（as well as to safeguard 與前一目的並列。）

The roots hold hillsides firm.

（that hold hillsides firm 為限定關係子句，修飾 roots；hold + 受詞 + 形容詞，表「使維持某種狀態」。）

Arboriculture is measured less by the height than by the labor.

（less A than B 表「與其憑 A，不如憑 B」；is measured 為被動語態。）

A tall crown has height.

（of a tall crown 說明 height 的來源，指一棵高大樹冠的高度。）

Arboriculture requires the quiet pruning labor.

（the quiet pruning labor it requires 省略了關係代名詞 that；pruning 為動名詞作修飾語，quiet 為形容詞。）

A sudden storm forced worried towns to fell trees.

（until 引導時間副詞子句；force + 受詞 + to 不定詞，表「迫使某人做某事」；fell 在此為及物動詞，指「砍伐」；worried 修飾 towns。）

The sudden storm was underestimated.

（if underestimated 為省略「主詞＋be」的條件子句。）

The trees had long looked sturdy to their neighbors and safe from every rising gale.

（that had long looked ... 為限定關係子句；過去完成式表「此前很久以來一直」；look + 形容詞表「看起來」；sturdy 與 safe 為形容詞，兩者並列；to their neighbors 引出判斷的對象，from every rising gale 說明所防範的對象。）

● 文法解析

Seldom 否定副詞倒裝結構：

Seldom did hurried commuters stop to consider 以否定副詞置句首，助動詞 did 移到主詞 hurried commuters 之前，語氣比 Hurried commuters seldom stopped to consider 更強。倒裝只作用於主句，that 之後的名詞子句恢復正常語序。本句把倒裝放在最前面，卻把 until 子句留到最後，讀者要讀完整個 that 子句，才知道「很少思考」其實是「直到風災來襲才明白」。

which 非限定子句與 as well as：

arboriculture, which asks for ... 插在主詞 arboriculture 與謂語 is measured 之間，屬補充說明。to shade streets, parks, and yards as well as to safeguard the roots 以 as well as 把「遮蔭」與「保護根系」兩個不定詞目的並列，說明植樹業不只是種樹遮蔭，也要穩固土地。that hold hillsides firm 再以限定關係子句說明根系的作用，其中 hold ... firm 是「使維持穩固」的結構。

less ... than 比較結構與省略關係代名詞：

is measured less by the height of a tall crown than by the quiet pruning labor it requires 以 less A than B 作價值翻轉：衡量植樹業的標準，樹冠的高大較低，默默的修剪勞動較高。the quiet pruning labor it requires 省略了受格關係代名詞 that，是限定關係子句中常見的省略；of a tall crown 使「高度」的來源具體化。

until 子句與 if underestimated 省略結構：

until a sudden storm ... forced worried towns to fell trees 以 until 引入轉折，說明認知的改變要等到危機出現。if underestimated 夾在主詞 storm 與謂語 forced 之間，為 if it is underestimated 的省略，省略了「主詞＋be」，it 指 a sudden storm。這個插入語使主詞與動詞隔開，閱讀時要先記住 storm，等到 forced 才連得上。forced ... to fell 為「使役動詞＋受詞＋不定詞」結構。

that had long looked sturdy to their neighbors and safe from every rising gale：

that 引導限定關係子句修飾 trees，代替 trees 作子句主詞。had long looked 使用過去完成式，表示在風災來襲之前，居民長久以來都認為這些樹穩固且能抵禦強風，與主句過去式 forced 形成對照，呈現「長久以為穩固，後來才發現脆弱」的反轉。sturdy 與 safe 以 and 並列作補語，各自接 to 與 from 的片語，呼應全句「默默的修剪勞動比樹冠的高大更重要」的主旨。

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