禁慾主義 Asceticism

禁慾主義 Asceticism

●字源（中文說明，不併入長句）

asceticism = ascetic + -ism

ascetic 來自希臘文 askētēs「修練者」，動詞是 askein「修練、操練、加工」，名詞是 askēsis「練習、訓練」。這個詞原先用於運動員與士兵的身體訓練，後來轉指宗教或哲學上的自我修煉，尤其是早期基督教隱修士的生活。

字面意思是「刻意的訓練」，原本並不含「痛苦」或「禁止」之意。英文 ascetic 約十七世紀進入英文，asceticism 稍後出現，具體年代以辭典為準。

-ism 是表示主張、做法或學說的字尾。

中文「禁」是禁止，「慾」是慾望，「主義」是日文以漢字翻譯 -ism 的詞，後來傳入中文，具體傳入過程以專書為準。「禁慾」帶有「被禁止」的意味，比希臘原義更偏向否定面。

譯名：「禁慾主義」最常用，「苦行主義」偏重身體的刻苦，「克己」偏重自我約束，「修行」偏重宗教實踐。中文有時把斯多噶主義（Stoicism）也稱為「禁慾主義」，這容易誤導，因為斯多噶學派追求的是理性與心靈的平靜，並不以放棄快樂本身為目的，兩者宜分開。

●例句（約96 words）

Asceticism, the term for the practice of giving up pleasures and comforts in pursuit of a higher end, has never been easy to defend, for such practices take forms as various as a fast kept through Lent, a vow of poverty taken before an abbot, and a discipline of silence observed in a mountain hermitage, so that it was largely by weighing these forms that thinkers built the rival accounts of why anyone should renounce what is good, of which Nietzsche's, according to which the ascetic ideal gives suffering a meaning, is among the most provocative.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Asceticism,

the term for the practice

of giving up pleasures and comforts

in pursuit of a higher end,

has never been easy to defend,

for such practices take forms

as various as

a fast kept through Lent,

a vow of poverty taken before an abbot,

and a discipline of silence observed in a mountain hermitage,

so that it was largely by weighing these forms

that thinkers built the rival accounts of why anyone should renounce what is good,

of which Nietzsche's,

according to which the ascetic ideal gives suffering a meaning,

is among the most provocative.

●分解為原初的短小句

Asceticism has never been easy to defend.（主結構，7字。主詞與動詞之間隔一個長同位語，has been 要等到 higher end 之後才出現。後半難點在 of which Nietzsche's…is among the most provocative：要跳過 according to which 子句才看到動詞 is。）

Asceticism is the term for a practice.

The practice is giving up pleasures and comforts in pursuit of a higher end.

Such practices take various forms.

One form is a fast kept through Lent.

Another is a vow of poverty taken before an abbot.

Another is a discipline of silence observed in a mountain hermitage.

Thinkers weighed these forms.

They largely built the rival accounts of why anyone should renounce what is good in this way.

Nietzsche's account is among the most provocative of these.

According to it, the ascetic ideal gives suffering a meaning.

●文法解析

主句：Asceticism…has never been easy to defend。Asceticism 是不可數的單數名詞，所以用 has。同位語 the term for the practice of giving up…夾在主詞與動詞之間。of giving up pleasures and comforts 中，of 後接動名詞，give up 是片語動詞（放棄），受詞 pleasures and comforts 夾在 give 與 up 之後。in pursuit of a higher end 是介係詞片語，修飾 giving up，意為「為了追求更高的目的」。easy to defend 是「形容詞 + 不定詞」，defend 的受詞就是主詞 asceticism。

for such practices take forms…：for 是對等連接詞，意為「因為」，前有逗號，只能放在子句前。

forms as various as a fast kept…, a vow of poverty taken…, and a discipline of silence observed…：as various as 是同等比較，列舉三個名詞，各接一個過去分詞片語（kept、taken、observed），是後置修飾，等於 which is kept 等。三個片語並列，容易讀錯成動詞。keep a fast 意為「持守禁食」，take a vow 意為「立誓」，observe 在此意為「遵守、奉行」。

so that it was largely by weighing these forms that thinkers built…：so that 引導結果子句，內為強調句型 it was…that…，被強調的是 largely by weighing these forms。還原為 thinkers largely built the rival accounts by weighing these forms。

the rival accounts of why anyone should renounce what is good：why anyone should renounce what is good 是名詞子句，當 of 的受詞。should 表「應該」。其中 what is good 又是名詞子句，當 renounce 的受詞，意為「美好的事物」。

of which Nietzsche's, according to which the ascetic ideal gives suffering a meaning, is among the most provocative：of which 指 the rival accounts。Nietzsche's 是省略名詞的所有格代名詞（= Nietzsche's account）。according to which 插在主詞與動詞 is 之間，先找 Nietzsche's，再找最後那個 is。插入語內部另有一個動詞 gives，不要把它誤認為主句動詞。gives suffering a meaning 是雙受詞結構：suffering 是間接受詞，a meaning 是直接受詞，意為「賦予苦難一個意義」。among the most provocative 後面也省略名詞，等於 among the most provocative accounts。

●參考譯文

禁慾主義是指為追求更高的目的而放棄快樂與安適的做法。它向來不易辯護，因為這類做法的形式五花八門：有在四旬期間持守的禁食，有在院長面前立下的清貧誓願，也有在山中隱修處奉行的靜默功夫。思想家大體是藉著權衡這些形式，才建立起彼此競爭的、關於「人為何應捨棄美好之物」的說法，其中尼采的說法是最發人深省的之一，依該說，禁慾理想賦予苦難一個意義。

●補充說明

尼采在《論道德的譜系》（1887年）第三篇論文中分析「禁慾理想」，認為它回答了人為何受苦的問題：它讓苦難有了意義，人因而得以繼續活下去，不至於陷入虛無。他同時批評這種理想否定生命，所以句中只取「賦予苦難意義」這個核心主張，以免過長。

其他說法如柏拉圖（靈魂需從身體的牽絆中潔淨）、斯多噶學派（節制慾望以保持理性）、佛教（離苦，且佛陀本人拒絕極端苦行而主張中道）、韋伯（新教的「入世禁慾」）各有不同進路，所以句中說 among the most provocative，不說 the most provocative，也不暗示尼采的說法是定論。

「思想家大體是藉權衡各種形式才建立理論」是概括說法，並非所有理論都是這樣來的，所以句中用 largely。

「禁食、清貧誓願、靜默」三個例子各代表飲食、財物、言語三方面的節制，是舉例，並不窮盡所有禁慾的形式，也偏重基督教隱修傳統，其他傳統（如印度的苦行者、佛教的比丘）另有不同做法。

禁慾是否必然是壓抑慾望，還是只是訓練與重新導向慾望，是另一個大辯論，這與字源 askēsis 的「訓練」原義有關，句中未涉及，以免過長。

字源中 askēsis 從運動訓練轉為宗教修煉的演變，可作延伸閱讀，具體年代與用法以辭典及專書為準。

這一句的文法重點：長同位語夾在主詞與動詞之間、for 對等連接詞、as various as 帶三個後置過去分詞、so that 帶 it was…that 強調句型、why 引導的名詞子句內含 what is good、省略名詞的所有格代名詞 Nietzsche's、according to which 插入且內含另一個動詞 gives、雙受詞結構。

●長難句組合寫作練習

不看例句，用譯文與上列11個短句組合回原來的長句：

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