三句(法學 國際關係 神學)英文學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範)
以下依你提供的文章次序與格式(原句、斷行排列、主句、拆成短句、中譯、共同提醒)重新整理,三句沿用上一篇的原句。
例句一(法學)
原句
Notwithstanding the principle that a contract procured by duress is voidable at the election of the aggrieved party, a court, which must balance the competing interests of finality and fairness, may decline to grant rescission where the claimant, having affirmed the agreement by accepting its benefits with full knowledge of the coercion, has thereby forfeited the right to avoid it.
斷行排列
Notwithstanding the principle
that a contract
procured by duress
is voidable at the election of the aggrieved party,
a court,
which must balance the competing interests of finality and fairness,
may decline to grant rescission
where the claimant,
having affirmed the agreement
by accepting its benefits
with full knowledge of the coercion,
has thereby forfeited the right to avoid it.
主句
A court may decline to grant rescission.
拆成短句
法院得拒絕准予解除契約。(主句)
有一項原則。(Notwithstanding 的受詞 the principle,表讓步)
某種契約是在脅迫下訂立的。(procured by duress,過去分詞片語,等於被動式關係子句)
這種契約可由受害方選擇撤銷。(that 同位語子句,說明 principle 的內容)
法院必須權衡終局性與公平性這兩種互相競爭的利益。(which 非限定關係子句,插在主詞與動詞之間)
請求人已經追認了該協議。(having affirmed,完成式分詞片語,主詞是 the claimant)
他是藉由接受契約利益而追認的。(by + 動名詞,表方式)
他接受時完全知悉有脅迫存在。(with full knowledge of,介系詞片語)
他因此已喪失撤銷契約的權利。(where 子句的主要動詞 has forfeited)
中譯
儘管脅迫所訂的契約得由受害方選擇撤銷,法院(必須權衡終局性與公平性這兩種互相競爭的利益)仍得拒絕准予解除契約,倘若請求人在完全知悉脅迫的情況下接受契約利益而追認該協議,因而已喪失撤銷權。
例句二(國際關係)
原句
Although neoliberal institutionalists contend that international regimes, by reducing transaction costs and enhancing informational transparency, enable states to cooperate even in the absence of a hegemon, realists counter that such cooperation, which persists only so long as it does not threaten relative gains, is inherently fragile.
斷行排列
Although neoliberal institutionalists contend
that international regimes,
by reducing transaction costs
and enhancing informational transparency,
enable states to cooperate
even in the absence of a hegemon,
realists counter
that such cooperation,
which persists only so long as
it does not threaten relative gains,
is inherently fragile.
主句
Realists counter that such cooperation is inherently fragile.(Although 子句是讓步,真正的主句要到逗號之後才出現)
拆成短句
現實主義者提出反駁。(主句)
新自由制度主義者提出主張。(Although 子句,讓步副詞子句)
國際建制使國家得以合作。(contend 的受詞子句,enable + 受詞 + 不定詞)
建制降低了交易成本。(by + 動名詞,表方式)
建制也提高了資訊透明度。(與上一個動名詞以 and 並列)
即使沒有霸權,國家也能合作。(even in the absence of a hegemon)
這種合作本質上十分脆弱。(counter 的受詞子句)
這種合作只在不威脅相對利得時才能持續。(which 非限定關係子句,內含 only so long as)
中譯
儘管新自由制度主義者主張,國際建制藉由降低交易成本、提高資訊透明度,使國家即使在缺乏霸權的情況下也能合作,現實主義者仍反駁,這種合作只在不威脅相對利得時才能持續,本質上十分脆弱。
例句三(神學)
原句
What Augustine, writing against the Pelagians, insisted upon was that human beings, whose wills have been so corrupted by original sin that they cannot turn toward God unaided, are saved not by merit but by a grace that precedes every act of the will that might be thought to deserve it.
斷行排列
What Augustine,
writing against the Pelagians,
insisted upon
was
that human beings,
whose wills have been so corrupted by original sin
that they cannot turn toward God unaided,
are saved
not by merit
but by a grace
that precedes every act of the will
that might be thought to deserve it.
主句
What Augustine insisted upon was that human beings are saved not by merit but by a grace.(名詞子句當主詞,was 之後接 that 子句當主詞補語)
拆成短句
某件事是奧古斯丁所堅持的。(what 子句,即全句主詞,upon 留在子句尾)
他當時正寫文章駁斥貝拉基派。(writing against,現在分詞片語,等於主動式關係子句)
那件事是:人類得救。(was that,被動語態)
人類的意志已被原罪敗壞。(whose 非限定關係子句)
敗壞到他們無法憑己力轉向上帝。(so...that 結果子句)
他們得救不是憑功德。(not by merit)
他們得救是憑一種恩典。(but by a grace,與上一個以 not...but... 對比)
這恩典先於每一個意志行為。(that 限定關係子句)
那些意志行為可能被認為配得恩典。(第二層 that 關係子句,內含 be thought to)
中譯
奧古斯丁在駁斥貝拉基派時所堅持的是:人類的意志已被原罪敗壞到無法憑己力轉向上帝,因此得救不靠功德,而靠一種先於每一個可能被認為配得恩典的意志行為的恩典。
三句的共同提醒
逗號夾住的 which 子句(例句一、二)和 whose 子句(例句三)都是插入修飾,可以先擋住,最後再讀。
句首若是 Notwithstanding 或 Although,先別急著把它當主句,要往後找到真正的主詞與動詞。
例句三的 What 子句當主詞,要一路讀到 was 才算完整,而 insisted upon 的 upon 被留在子句尾端,這是學術英文常見的結構。
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