生命倫理學 字源學 法理學三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

 例句一(生命倫理學:協助自殺的爭議)

原句

Bioethicists who defend legal access to physician-assisted dying, arguing that respect for patient autonomy entails a right to decide the manner and timing of one's death when suffering is intractable and the prognosis terminal, face opponents who, invoking the traditional distinction between killing and allowing to die, warn that safeguards which look robust on paper may erode under pressure from cost-conscious institutions, family expectations, and a culture that quietly teaches the disabled and the elderly that they are burdens.

斷行排列

Bioethicists

 who defend legal access to physician-assisted dying,

 arguing that respect for patient autonomy entails a right

  to decide the manner and timing of one's death

  when suffering is intractable

  and the prognosis terminal,

face opponents

 who,

  invoking the traditional distinction between killing and allowing to die,

 warn

  that safeguards

   which look robust on paper

  may erode under pressure

   from cost-conscious institutions,

   family expectations,

   and a culture

    that quietly teaches the disabled and the elderly

    that they are burdens.

主句

Bioethicists face opponents who warn that safeguards may erode.(主詞 Bioethicists 之後接 who 子句與 arguing 片語,動詞 face 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

生命倫理學者面對反對者。(主句)

這些學者為合法取得醫師協助死亡辯護。(who 關係子句)

他們主張尊重病人自主蘊含一項權利。(arguing,現在分詞片語)

這項權利是決定自己死亡的方式與時間。(不定詞片語,修飾 right)

前提是痛苦無法緩解,預後為末期。(when 子句,省略 is,兩個並列的形容詞補語)

反對者援引殺死與任其死亡的傳統區分。(invoking,現在分詞片語,插在 who 與 warn 之間)

反對者警告。(who 子句的主幹)

看似穩固的保障措施可能受到侵蝕。(warn 的受詞 that 子句,內含 which 關係子句)

壓力來自重視成本的機構、家屬期待,以及一種文化。(under pressure from,三個並列名詞)

這種文化悄悄教導身心障礙者與老人,說他們是負擔。(that 關係子句,teach 接雙受詞,內含 that 子句)

中譯

為合法取得醫師協助死亡辯護的生命倫理學者主張,當痛苦無法緩解、預後為末期時,尊重病人自主即蘊含決定自己死亡方式與時間的權利,但他們面對的反對者援引殺死與任其死亡的傳統區分,警告紙面上看似穩固的保障措施,可能在重視成本的機構、家屬期待,以及一種悄悄教導身心障礙者與老人他們是負擔的文化的壓力下遭到侵蝕。

例句二(字源學:salary 與鹽的傳說)

原句

Although the English word "salary," which most speakers assume to be a purely commercial term, is traditionally traced to the Latin salarium, a word that ancient writers linked to sal, "salt," etymologists who examine the surviving attestations, cautioning that the familiar story of Roman soldiers being paid in salt rests on no ancient source, conclude that the term more probably denoted an allowance for buying salt, a commodity whose scarcity made it a fitting measure of what the state owed those who served it.

斷行排列

Although the English word "salary,"

 which most speakers assume to be a purely commercial term,

is traditionally traced to the Latin salarium,

 a word

  that ancient writers linked to sal, "salt,"

etymologists

 who examine the surviving attestations,

 cautioning that the familiar story

  of Roman soldiers being paid in salt

  rests on no ancient source,

conclude

 that the term more probably denoted an allowance for buying salt,

  a commodity

   whose scarcity made it a fitting measure

    of what the state owed

     those who served it.

主句

Etymologists conclude that the term more probably denoted an allowance for buying salt.(Although 子句是讓步副詞子句,真正的主詞 etymologists 要等到第二個逗號之後才出現)

拆成短句

字源學者得出結論。(主句)

英文的 salary 傳統上被追溯到拉丁文 salarium。(Although 子句,被動語態)

多數人以為 salary 純粹是商業用語。(which 非限定關係子句,assume 後接不定詞)

古代作家把 salarium 與表示「鹽」的 sal 連在一起。(同位語 a word 之後的 that 關係子句)

這些學者檢視現存的文獻用例。(who 關係子句)

他們提醒,羅馬士兵以鹽支薪的常見說法沒有任何古代文獻根據。(cautioning,現在分詞片語,內含動名詞片語 being paid)

這個詞更可能指購買鹽的津貼。(conclude 的受詞 that 子句)

鹽是一種商品。(同位語 a commodity)

鹽的稀缺使它成為衡量國家虧欠服役者之物的合適尺度。(whose 關係子句,內含 what 名詞子句與省略關係詞的 those who 結構)

中譯

儘管英文的 salary 傳統上被追溯到拉丁文 salarium,古代作家也把這個詞與表示「鹽」的 sal 連在一起,而多數人還以為它純粹是商業用語,但檢視現存文獻用例的字源學者提醒,羅馬士兵以鹽支薪的常見說法並無任何古代文獻根據,因而斷定這個詞更可能指購買鹽的津貼,而鹽這種商品因其稀缺,成為衡量國家虧欠服役者之物的合適尺度。

例句三(法理學:實證論與自然法論之爭)

原句

Legal positivists, who maintain that the existence of a law depends on its social sources rather than on its moral merits, have long been pressed by natural law theorists, who, following Aquinas, hold that an unjust enactment is not law in the full sense, to explain how a theory that severs legal validity from moral merit can condemn the officials of a regime that enforced monstrous statutes, an objection that H. L. A. Hart, responding to the postwar debate over Nazi-era informers, answered by insisting that the question whether a rule is valid law must be kept distinct from the question whether it deserves obedience.

斷行排列

Legal positivists,

 who maintain that the existence of a law depends on its social sources

 rather than on its moral merits,

have long been pressed by natural law theorists,

 who,

  following Aquinas,

 hold that an unjust enactment is not law in the full sense,

to explain how a theory

 that severs legal validity from moral merit

 can condemn the officials of a regime

  that enforced monstrous statutes,

an objection

 that H. L. A. Hart,

  responding to the postwar debate over Nazi-era informers,

 answered by insisting

  that the question whether a rule is valid law

  must be kept distinct from the question

   whether it deserves obedience.

主句

Legal positivists have long been pressed by natural law theorists to explain how a theory can condemn the officials.(被動語態,動詞 have been pressed 要等到兩個 who 子句與 rather than 片語之後才出現,不定詞 to explain 接 how 名詞子句)

拆成短句

法律實證論者長期受到壓力。(主句,被動語態)

這些實證論者主張法律的存在取決於社會來源。(who 關係子句)

法律的存在不取決於道德優劣。(rather than 片語)

施壓者是自然法論者。(by 片語)

他們追隨阿奎那。(following,現在分詞片語,插在 who 與 hold 之間)

他們主張不正義的立法在完整意義上不算法律。(who 子句的 hold that 子句)

實證論者被要求解釋一件事。(to explain,不定詞片語)

這件事是:把法律效力與道德優劣切割的理論,如何能譴責一個政權的官員。(how 名詞子句,內含 that 關係子句)

這個政權曾執行殘暴的法規。(that 關係子句)

這是一項反對意見。(同位語 an objection)

哈特回應戰後關於納粹時期告密者的辯論。(responding,現在分詞片語,插在主詞與動詞之間)

他堅持,一條規則是否為有效的法律,必須與它是否值得服從區分開來。(answered by insisting that...,內含 whether 名詞子句)

中譯

主張法律的存在取決於社會來源而非道德優劣的法律實證論者,長期受到追隨阿奎那、主張不正義的立法在完整意義上不算法律的自然法論者施壓,要求他們解釋:一套把法律效力與道德優劣切割的理論,如何能譴責曾執行殘暴法規的政權官員。哈特回應戰後關於納粹時期告密者的辯論,對這項反對意見的答覆是,堅持一條規則是否為有效的法律,必須與它是否值得服從區分開來。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的主詞 Bioethicists 後面連著 who 子句與 arguing 片語,動詞 face 要到很後面才出現;opponents 之後的 who 子句又被 invoking 片語切開,warn 才是該子句的動詞。under pressure from 後面是三個並列名詞,最後一個 a culture 還帶著 that 子句,內含 teaches 的雙受詞結構,建議先抓 Bioethicists face opponents 這條主幹。

例句二的 Although 子句內插入 which 子句,要讀到 is traditionally traced 才完整,後面的 a word that... 是 salarium 的同位語。主句的 etymologists 之後又有 who 子句與 cautioning 片語,conclude 才是真正的動詞。句尾 a commodity whose... 是 salt 的同位語,內含 what the state owed 與 those who served it 兩層名詞性結構。

例句三的主詞 Legal positivists 與被動動詞 have been pressed 之間,隔著 who 子句和 rather than 片語;by natural law theorists 之後的 who 子句又被 following Aquinas 切開,導致 to explain 離 pressed 很遠。an objection 是前面整個 to explain 結構的同位語,那個 that 子句內,H. L. A. Hart 與動詞 answered 之間插了 responding 片語。

另外,例句一涉及自殺議題,這裡只是學術層面的倫理爭論。如果你或身邊的人正為這類問題所苦,我很樂意協助你找到合適的支持資源。

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