學術型超複雜文法結構長難句破解示範 (新加坡是歐威爾式國家)(約伯記)(烏克蘭與俄羅斯之戰的啟示)
丁連財學術型超複雜文法結構長難句破解示範
(新加坡是歐威爾式國家)(約伯記)(烏克蘭與俄羅斯之戰的啟示)
例句一(政治學:新加坡是歐威爾式國家?)
原句
Political scientists who compare Singapore with the society imagined in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, noting that the People's Action Party, which has governed the city-state since 1959, has long relied on the Internal Security Act, which permits detention without trial, and on defamation suits that discourage critics of the government, and that residents, enjoying high incomes, safe streets, and efficient public services, seldom challenge a bargain that trades some civil liberties for prosperity, argue that the label "Orwellian state" fits the country less because of any routine brutality than because of a quiet pressure to self-censor, a pressure that critics say works through the fear of legal costs and that defenders say preserves harmony among Chinese, Malay, and Indian communities.
斷行排列
Political scientists
who compare Singapore with the society
imagined in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four,
noting that the People's Action Party,
which has governed the city-state since 1959,
has long relied on the Internal Security Act,
which permits detention without trial,
and on defamation suits
that discourage critics of the government,
and that residents,
enjoying high incomes, safe streets, and efficient public services,
seldom challenge a bargain
that trades some civil liberties for prosperity,
argue
that the label "Orwellian state" fits the country
less because of any routine brutality
than because of a quiet pressure to self-censor,
a pressure
that critics say works through the fear of legal costs
and that defenders say preserves harmony among Chinese, Malay, and Indian communities.
主句
Political scientists argue that the label "Orwellian state" fits the country less because of any routine brutality than because of a quiet pressure to self-censor.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現)
拆成短句
政治學者提出主張。(主句)
這些學者把新加坡拿來與歐威爾《一九八四》所想像的社會比較。(who 關係子句,過去分詞片語 imagined 修飾 society)
他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)
人民行動黨長期依賴《內部安全法》。(第一個 that 子句,現在完成式 has long relied on)
人民行動黨自1959年起執政。(which 非限定關係子句,插在主詞與動詞之間)
該法允許不經審判即可拘留。(第二個 which 非限定關係子句)
人民行動黨也依賴誹謗訴訟。(並列的 on 片語)
這些訴訟令批評政府者卻步。(that 關係子句)
居民享有高收入、安全街道與高效率公共服務。(第二個 that 子句的主詞,後接現在分詞片語 enjoying)
居民很少質疑一項交易。(與前一個 that 子句並列,主結構為 seldom challenge)
這項交易以部分公民自由換取繁榮。(that 關係子句,trade A for B)
這個「歐威爾式國家」的標籤,與其說是因為例行的暴力。(argue 的受詞 that 子句,less because of... 比較結構)
不如說是因為一種要人自我審查的無形壓力。(than because of...,不定詞 to self-censor 修飾 pressure)
批評者說,這種壓力透過對訴訟費用的恐懼運作。(同位語 a pressure,that 關係子句,內含插入語 critics say)
辯護者說,這種壓力維繫了華人、馬來人與印度裔社群之間的和諧。(and that 並列的關係子句,內含插入語 defenders say)
中譯
把新加坡與歐威爾《一九八四》所想像的社會相比較的政治學者注意到,自1959年起執政的人民行動黨長期依賴允許不經審判即可拘留的《內部安全法》,也依賴令批評政府者卻步的誹謗訴訟,而享有高收入、安全街道與高效率公共服務的居民,很少質疑這項以部分公民自由換取繁榮的交易,因而主張,「歐威爾式國家」這個標籤適用於該國,與其說是因為例行的暴力,不如說是因為一種要人自我審查的無形壓力,批評者說這種壓力透過對訴訟費用的恐懼運作,辯護者則說它維繫了華人、馬來人與印度裔社群之間的和諧。
補充說明
「歐威爾式」通常指全面監控、操弄語言與思想控制的極權體制,新加坡是否適用此詞,學界與輿論看法分歧,許多研究者較常用「軟性威權」或「競爭性威權」來描述。本句寫的是一種學界論述,所以用 argue 帶出,並在句尾保留辯護者的觀點,以維持平衡。新加坡政府否認此一標籤。法條名稱與細節宜再查專書與官方資料核對。
例句二(神學:約伯記,好人為何受苦)
原句
Biblical scholars who study the Book of Job, noting that the story, which opens with a blameless man whom God permits a heavenly accuser to test, strips him of his children, his wealth, and his health, and that three friends, who come to comfort him, insist that suffering must be the punishment for hidden sin, argue that the book, which refuses the friends' tidy doctrine of retribution, teaches less by solving the problem of innocent suffering than by showing that God's answer out of the whirlwind, which points to the vastness of creation rather than to any reason for Job's pain, silences complaint without explaining it, a lesson that readers have taken as a call for humility and for compassion toward the afflicted.
斷行排列
Biblical scholars
who study the Book of Job,
noting that the story,
which opens with a blameless man
whom God permits a heavenly accuser to test,
strips him of his children, his wealth, and his health,
and that three friends,
who come to comfort him,
insist that suffering must be the punishment for hidden sin,
argue
that the book,
which refuses the friends' tidy doctrine of retribution,
teaches less by solving the problem of innocent suffering
than by showing
that God's answer out of the whirlwind,
which points to the vastness of creation
rather than to any reason for Job's pain,
silences complaint without explaining it,
a lesson
that readers have taken as a call for humility
and for compassion toward the afflicted.
主句
Biblical scholars argue that the book teaches less by solving the problem of innocent suffering than by showing that God's answer silences complaint without explaining it.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現)
拆成短句
聖經學者提出主張。(主句)
這些學者研究《約伯記》。(who 關係子句)
他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)
這個故事奪走了約伯的兒女、財富與健康。(第一個 that 子句,strip sb of sth)
故事開頭是一個無可指責的人。(which 非限定關係子句,插在主詞與動詞之間)
上帝允許一位天庭的控告者來試驗他。(whom 關係子句,permit sb to do)
三位朋友前來安慰他。(第二個 that 子句的主詞,who 關係子句)
他們堅持苦難一定是對隱藏之罪的懲罰。(並列動詞 insist that,名詞子句內含 must be)
這本書拒絕朋友們那套整齊的報應教義。(argue 的受詞 that 子句,which 非限定關係子句插在 book 與 teaches 之間)
它的教導,與其說是靠解決無辜受苦的問題。(less by... 比較結構,by 加動名詞)
不如說是靠顯示一件事。(than by showing...)
上帝從旋風中的回答使抱怨沉默,卻沒有解釋。(showing 的受詞 that 子句,without 加動名詞)
這個回答指向創造的浩瀚,而不是約伯受苦的任何理由。(which 非限定關係子句,A rather than B)
這是一個教訓。(同位語 a lesson)
讀者把它視為對謙卑的呼籲,也視為對受苦者慈悲的呼籲。(that 關係子句,take A as B,兩個 for 片語並列)
中譯
研究《約伯記》的聖經學者注意到,這個故事奪走了約伯的兒女、財富與健康,故事開頭是一個無可指責的人,上帝允許一位天庭的控告者來試驗他,而前來安慰他的三位朋友,堅持苦難一定是對隱藏之罪的懲罰,因而主張,這本書拒絕朋友們那套整齊的報應教義,它的教導,與其說是靠解決無辜受苦的問題,不如說是靠顯示上帝從旋風中的回答使抱怨沉默,卻沒有解釋,這個回答指向創造的浩瀚,而不是約伯受苦的任何理由,這是讀者視為對謙卑與對受苦者慈悲之呼籲的教訓。
補充說明
「天庭的控告者」是希伯來文 ha-satan 的意譯,在約伯記裡是天庭會議中的一員,與後世基督教傳統中的「撒但」概念不完全相同。上帝在結尾斥責三位朋友「議論我不如我僕人約伯說得正確」(伯42:7),因此朋友們的報應神學被書本身否定。約伯在42章的回應,希伯來文可有多種譯法,學界看法不一,所以句中只寫「silences complaint」,不下定論。
例句三(國際關係:烏克蘭與俄羅斯之戰給世界的啟示)
原句
Analysts of international security who study the war between Russia and Ukraine, noting that Russia, which had pledged in the 1994 Budapest Memorandum to respect Ukrainian borders in return for Kyiv's surrender of its Soviet-era nuclear weapons, launched a full-scale invasion in February 2022, and that Ukraine, supported by Western weapons, intelligence, and financial aid, has resisted with inexpensive drones and a mobilized society, argue that the war offers the world less a proof that great powers can be stopped than a warning that written guarantees mean little unless credible force stands behind them, a warning that states from Poland to Taiwan, which watch the war closely, are applying to their own defense planning.
斷行排列
Analysts of international security
who study the war between Russia and Ukraine,
noting that Russia,
which had pledged in the 1994 Budapest Memorandum
to respect Ukrainian borders
in return for Kyiv's surrender of its Soviet-era nuclear weapons,
launched a full-scale invasion in February 2022,
and that Ukraine,
supported by Western weapons, intelligence, and financial aid,
has resisted with inexpensive drones and a mobilized society,
argue
that the war offers the world
less a proof
that great powers can be stopped
than a warning
that written guarantees mean little
unless credible force stands behind them,
a warning
that states from Poland to Taiwan,
which watch the war closely,
are applying to their own defense planning.
主句
Analysts argue that the war offers the world less a proof that great powers can be stopped than a warning that written guarantees mean little unless credible force stands behind them.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現)
拆成短句
國際安全分析家提出主張。(主句)
這些分析家研究俄烏戰爭。(who 關係子句)
他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)
俄羅斯在2022年2月發動全面入侵。(第一個 that 子句)
俄羅斯曾在1994年《布達佩斯備忘錄》中承諾尊重烏克蘭的邊界。(which 非限定關係子句,過去完成式,插在主詞與動詞之間)
這項承諾的交換條件是基輔放棄蘇聯時代的核武。(in return for 片語,surrender 名詞用法)
烏克蘭獲得西方的武器、情報與財政援助。(第二個 that 子句的主詞,過去分詞片語 supported by)
烏克蘭以廉價無人機與動員起來的社會進行抵抗。(現在完成式 has resisted)
這場戰爭帶給世界的,與其說是一種證明。(argue 的受詞 that 子句,less... than... 比較結構)
證明的內容是大國可以被阻止。(that 同位子句)
不如說是一種警告。(than a warning)
警告的內容是書面保證若無可信的武力支撐,意義不大。(that 同位子句,unless 條件子句)
這是一個警告。(同位語 a warning)
從波蘭到台灣的國家正把它運用到自己的防衛規劃上。(that 關係子句,are applying... to)
這些國家密切關注這場戰爭。(which 非限定關係子句,插在主詞與動詞之間)
中譯
研究俄烏戰爭的國際安全分析家注意到,曾在1994年《布達佩斯備忘錄》中承諾尊重烏克蘭邊界、換取基輔放棄蘇聯時代核武的俄羅斯,在2022年2月發動全面入侵,而獲得西方武器、情報與財政援助的烏克蘭,以廉價無人機與動員起來的社會進行抵抗,因而主張,這場戰爭帶給世界的,與其說是大國可以被阻止的證明,不如說是一個警告:書面保證若無可信的武力支撐,意義不大,這個警告,從波蘭到台灣、密切關注這場戰爭的國家,正把它運用到自己的防衛規劃上。
補充說明
《布達佩斯備忘錄》是美國、英國與俄羅斯向烏克蘭提供的「安全保證」,內容是尊重其獨立與邊界,性質上並非有集體防衛義務的軍事同盟條約,這點常被誤解。本句寫的是分析家的一種詮釋,另有學者強調制裁、援助與盟國團結的作用,觀點不一。戰事的最新進展、援助數額與各國政策變動快速,數字與細節宜另查最新資料。
三句的共同提醒
三句都採同一種骨架:「主詞(Scholars/Analysts of...)+ who 子句 + noting 片語(內含兩個並列的 that 子句)+ 遲到的動詞 argue + that 子句(內含 less... than... 比較結構)+ 句尾同位語」。
例句一的第一個 that 子句,主詞 the People's Action Party 與動詞 has relied 之間,插入 which 子句;第二個 that 子句,主詞 residents 之後以 enjoying 現在分詞片語插入,才接動詞 challenge。argue 之後,less because of... than because of... 之後,同位語 a pressure 帶出兩個並列的 that 子句,各自內含插入語 critics say 與 defenders say,閱讀時要把插入語拿掉,才看得出 that 之後直接接動詞 works 與 preserves。
例句二的第一個 that 子句,主詞 the story 與動詞 strips 之間,被 which 子句隔開,子句內還有 whom 關係子句;第二個 that 子句,who 子句之後才出現動詞 insist。argue 之後,the book 與 teaches 之間,被 which 子句隔開;than by showing 之後的 that 子句,主詞 God's answer 與動詞 silences 之間,又插入 which 子句,內含 A rather than B。
例句三的第一個 that 子句,主詞 Russia 與動詞 launched 之間,插入 which 子句,內含 in return for 片語;第二個 that 子句,主詞 Ukraine 之後以 supported by 過去分詞片語插入。argue 之後,less a proof that... than a warning that... 的兩個 that 同位子句並列,unless 條件子句內縮在第二個之中;句尾同位語 a warning 帶出的 that 子句,主詞 states 與動詞 are applying 之間,再被 which 子句隔開。
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