語言學 南島民族 聖經研究三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

 例句一（形態作格語言挑戰「主語」概念）

原句

Linguists who work on morphologically ergative languages, noting that the absolutive argument alone is typically accessible to relativization, topicalization, and coordination reduction in a way that the ergative argument is not, argue that the traditional notion of subjecthood, which was formulated on the basis of familiar European languages in which agents and intransitive subjects pattern together, is better understood as a cluster of properties that need not converge in any given grammar.

斷行排列

Linguists

　who work on morphologically ergative languages,

　noting that the absolutive argument alone is typically accessible

　　to relativization,

　　topicalization,

　　and coordination reduction

　　in a way that the ergative argument is not,

argue

　that the traditional notion of subjecthood,

　　which was formulated on the basis of familiar European languages

　　　in which agents and intransitive subjects pattern together,

　is better understood as a cluster of properties

　　that need not converge in any given grammar.

主句

Linguists argue that the traditional notion of subjecthood is better understood as a cluster of properties.（主詞 Linguists 之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語，動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現）

拆成短句

語言學者提出主張。（主句）

這些學者研究形態作格語言。（who 關係子句）

他們注意到通常只有絕對格論元能被關係化、話題化與進行等同省略。（noting，現在分詞片語，內含三個並列的名詞）

作格論元則不然。（in a way that 子句，省略 is accessible）

傳統的主語概念最好被理解為一組特徵。（argue 的受詞 that 子句，被動語態）

這個概念是根據熟悉的歐洲語言所建立。（which 非限定關係子句，被動語態）

在這些語言中，施事者與不及物主語的表現相同。（in which 關係子句）

這組特徵不必在任何一種語法中同時出現。（that 關係子句，內含 need not）

中譯

研究形態作格語言的語言學者注意到，通常只有絕對格論元能被關係化、話題化與進行等同省略，作格論元則不然，因而主張，傳統的主語概念是根據施事者與不及物主語表現一致的熟悉歐洲語言所建立，最好將它理解為一組不必在任何語法中同時出現的特徵。

例句二（南島語族起源於台灣的論證）

原句

Although the Austronesian languages, which are spoken today across an expanse of ocean stretching from Madagascar in the west to Easter Island in the east, number well over a thousand, historical linguists who reconstruct Proto-Austronesian, reasoning that the greatest concentration of primary subgroups marks the likeliest homeland, conclude that all of these languages descend from an ancestor whose Formosan descendants, still spoken by Indigenous communities in Taiwan, display a diversity exceeding that of every other subgroup combined.

斷行排列

Although the Austronesian languages,

　which are spoken today across an expanse of ocean

　　stretching from Madagascar in the west

　　to Easter Island in the east,

number well over a thousand,

historical linguists

　who reconstruct Proto-Austronesian,

　reasoning that the greatest concentration of primary subgroups

　　marks the likeliest homeland,

conclude

　that all of these languages descend from an ancestor

　　whose Formosan descendants,

　　　still spoken by Indigenous communities in Taiwan,

　　display a diversity

　　　exceeding that of every other subgroup combined.

主句

Historical linguists conclude that all of these languages descend from an ancestor.（Although 子句是讓步副詞子句，真正的主詞 historical linguists 要等到第一個逗號之後才出現）

拆成短句

歷史語言學者得出結論。（主句）

南島語言數量超過一千種。（Although 子句）

這些語言如今分布在一片廣闊的海域上。（which 非限定關係子句）

這片海域西起馬達加斯加，東至復活節島。（stretching，現在分詞片語）

這些學者重建原始南島語。（who 關係子句）

他們推論主要語支最集中之處最可能是故鄉。（reasoning，現在分詞片語，內含名詞子句）

所有這些語言都源自同一個祖先語言。（conclude 的受詞 that 子句）

這個祖先語言的福爾摩沙後裔語言至今仍由台灣原住民社群使用。（whose 關係子句，內含過去分詞片語 still spoken）

這些後裔語言的多樣性超過其他所有語支的總和。（display 的受詞，內含現在分詞片語 exceeding）

中譯

儘管南島語言數量超過一千種，如今分布在西起馬達加斯加、東至復活節島的廣闊海域上，但重建原始南島語的歷史語言學者，根據主要語支最集中之處最可能是故鄉的推論，仍斷定所有這些語言都源自同一個祖先語言，而這個祖先語言的福爾摩沙後裔語言至今仍由台灣原住民社群使用，其多樣性超過其他所有語支的總和。

例句三（文獻假說及其批評）

原句

The Documentary Hypothesis, which attributes the Pentateuch to four originally independent sources, designated J, E, D, and P, that were allegedly woven together by later redactors, owes its persuasive force to the observation that doublets, tensions, and shifts in the divine name, features that a single author might be expected to avoid, cluster in patterns that scholars, building on Julius Wellhausen's synthesis, have refined for well over a century, even though critics who stress the literary unity of the text contend that such features may reflect deliberate rhetorical design.

斷行排列

The Documentary Hypothesis,

　which attributes the Pentateuch to four originally independent sources,

　　designated J, E, D, and P,

　　that were allegedly woven together by later redactors,

owes its persuasive force

　to the observation

　　that doublets, tensions, and shifts in the divine name,

　　　features that a single author might be expected to avoid,

　　cluster in patterns

　　　that scholars,

　　　　building on Julius Wellhausen's synthesis,

　　　have refined for well over a century,

　even though critics

　　who stress the literary unity of the text

　　contend that such features may reflect deliberate rhetorical design.

主句

The Documentary Hypothesis owes its persuasive force to the observation that…（owes...to 結構，that 子句是 observation 的同位語子句，句尾再接 even though 讓步子句）

拆成短句

文獻假說的說服力來自一項觀察。（主句）

這個假說把摩西五經歸於四個資料來源。（which 非限定關係子句）

這些來源原本各自獨立。（originally independent）

這些來源被標記為 J、E、D、P。（過去分詞片語 designated）

據稱它們後來被編修者編織在一起。（that 關係子句，被動語態）

重複敘事、內在矛盾與神名轉換會成群出現。（observation 的同位語 that 子句，三個並列主詞）

單一作者本來可能避免這些特徵。（features 同位語，內含被動與不定詞）

這些特徵集中成某些模式。（in patterns）

學者在威爾豪森的綜合論述基礎上，已將這些模式精煉逾一個世紀。（that 關係子句，內含 building on 片語）

批評者強調文本的文學統一性。（who 關係子句）

他們主張這些特徵可能反映刻意的修辭設計。（even though 子句中的 contend that 子句）

中譯

文獻假說把摩西五經歸於四個原本獨立、分別標為 J、E、D、P、據稱後來由編修者編織而成的來源，其說服力來自一項觀察：重複敘事、內在矛盾與神名轉換這些單一作者本可能避免的特徵，會集中出現於某些模式，而學者們在威爾豪森的綜合論述基礎上，已將這些模式精煉了逾一個世紀；儘管強調文本文學統一性的批評者主張，這些特徵可能反映刻意的修辭設計。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的主詞 Linguists 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語，動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現；noting 內的 relativization、topicalization、coordination reduction 是三個並列名詞，後面的 in a way that the ergative argument is not 是省略結構，建議先抓 Linguists ... argue that 這條主幹。

例句二的 Although 子句內插入 which 子句，要讀到 number well over a thousand 才完整；主句的 historical linguists 之後又有 who 子句與 reasoning 片語，conclude 才是真正的動詞。句尾 whose 子句內的 still spoken 是過去分詞片語，display 才是該子句的動詞。

例句三的主詞 The Documentary Hypothesis 後面連著 which 子句，內含 designated 片語與 that 子句，動詞 owes 遲遲才出現；observation 之後的 that 子句內又嵌了 features 同位語與 that scholars 關係子句，最後還有 even though 讓步子句，建議先找 owes ... to 這條主幹，再逐層往內拆。