英文學術型超複雜文法結構長難句破解示範(蘇格蘭、魁北克、加泰隆尼亞獨立運動)
丁連財的英文學術型超複雜文法結構長難句破解示範
例句一(蘇格蘭獨立運動)
原句
Scottish nationalists, who argue that a nation whose parliament was restored in 1999 should decide its own constitutional future, lost the 2014 referendum, in which 55 percent voted to remain in the United Kingdom, but, citing the 2016 Brexit vote, in which a clear majority of Scottish voters had favored remaining in the European Union, have continued to demand a second ballot, a demand that the UK Supreme Court, ruling in 2022 that the Scottish Parliament cannot hold a referendum without Westminster's consent, effectively left in the hands of a government that has refused to grant one.
斷行排列
Scottish nationalists,
who argue
that a nation
whose parliament was restored in 1999
should decide its own constitutional future,
lost the 2014 referendum,
in which 55 percent voted to remain in the United Kingdom,
but,
citing the 2016 Brexit vote,
in which a clear majority of Scottish voters had favored remaining in the European Union,
have continued to demand a second ballot,
a demand
that the UK Supreme Court,
ruling in 2022
that the Scottish Parliament cannot hold a referendum without Westminster's consent,
effectively left in the hands of a government
that has refused to grant one.
主句
Scottish nationalists lost the 2014 referendum but have continued to demand a second ballot.(主詞後先接 who 子句,其內又嵌套 that 子句與 whose 子句,動詞 lost 與 have continued 以 but 並列,要讀很久才出現)
拆成短句
蘇格蘭民族主義者輸掉了 2014 年的公投。(主句,lost)
他們主張一個國家應自行決定憲政前途。(who 關係子句,argue that)
這個國家的議會於 1999 年恢復運作。(whose 關係子句,修飾 nation)
公投中有 55% 的選民投票留在英國。(in which 關係子句)
他們援引 2016 年的脫歐公投。(citing,現在分詞片語,插在 but 與 have continued 之間)
當時蘇格蘭的多數選民傾向留在歐盟。(in which 關係子句,過去完成式)
他們持續要求再辦一次公投。(主句第二個動詞 have continued)
這是一項要求。(同位語 a demand)
英國最高法院於 2022 年裁定,蘇格蘭議會未經西敏(聯合王國國會、英國國會)同意不得舉辦公投。(ruling,現在分詞片語,插在 that 子句主詞與動詞 left 之間)
這項要求實際上被交到某個政府手中。(that 子句的動詞 left)
這個政府拒絕同意舉辦。(that 關係子句,one 指代 a second ballot)
中譯
主張議會已於 1999 年恢復運作的國家應自行決定其憲政前途的蘇格蘭民族主義者,輸掉了有 55% 選民投票留在英國的 2014 年公投,但他們援引 2016 年脫歐公投中蘇格蘭多數選民曾傾向留在歐盟一事,持續要求再辦一次公投;英國最高法院於 2022 年裁定蘇格蘭議會未經西敏(聯合王國國會、英國國會)同意不得舉辦公投,使這項要求實際上落在一個拒絕同意舉辦的政府手中。
例句二(魁北克獨立運動)
原句
The Parti Québécois, which since its founding in 1968 has promoted the idea that Quebec, a province whose majority speaks French and whose civil law tradition differs from that of the rest of Canada, should become a sovereign state, lost referendums in 1980 and 1995, the second by a margin of barely more than one percentage point, and saw the question reshaped by the Supreme Court of Canada, which, answering a federal reference in 1998, held that Quebec has no right to secede unilaterally but that a clear majority on a clear question would oblige the other parties to negotiate, a ruling on which Parliament drew in passing the 2000 Clarity Act.
斷行排列
The Parti Québécois,
which since its founding in 1968 has promoted the idea
that Quebec,
a province
whose majority speaks French
and whose civil law tradition differs from that of the rest of Canada,
should become a sovereign state,
lost referendums in 1980 and 1995,
the second by a margin of barely more than one percentage point,
and saw the question reshaped by the Supreme Court of Canada,
which,
answering a federal reference in 1998,
held
that Quebec has no right to secede unilaterally
but that a clear majority on a clear question would oblige the other parties to negotiate,
a ruling
on which Parliament drew
in passing the 2000 Clarity Act.
主句
The Parti Québécois lost referendums in 1980 and 1995 and saw the question reshaped by the Supreme Court of Canada.(主詞之後先接 which 子句,內含 the idea that 同位語子句與長同位語,動詞 lost 與 saw 以 and 並列;saw 後接「受詞+過去分詞」結構)
拆成短句
魁北克人黨輸掉了 1980 年與 1995 年的公投。(主句,lost)
該黨自 1968 年成立以來,一直鼓吹一種想法。(which 非限定關係子句,the idea 後接同位語 that 子句)
這種想法是:魁北克應成為主權國家。(that 同位語子句)
魁北克是一個省。(同位語 a province)
該省的多數人說法語。(whose 關係子句)
該省的民法傳統也不同於加拿大其他地區。(and whose 關係子句,that of 代替 civil law tradition)
第二次公投的差距僅略多於一個百分點。(the second by a margin 片語,省略動詞)
該黨眼看這個問題被加拿大最高法院重新界定。(主句第二個動詞 saw,受詞加過去分詞)
最高法院於 1998 年回應聯邦政府的提請。(answering,現在分詞片語,插在 which 與 held 之間)
法院認為魁北克並無單方面脫離的權利。(held 的第一個受詞 that 子句)
但在清楚的問題上取得清楚的多數,將使其他各方有義務進行談判。(but that,並列的第二個 that 子句)
這是一項裁決。(同位語 a ruling)
國會在制定 2000 年《清晰法》時援引了這項裁決的精神。(on which 關係子句,in passing 為介系詞加動名詞)
中譯
魁北克人黨自 1968 年成立以來,一直鼓吹魁北克(一個多數人說法語、民法傳統也不同於加拿大其他地區的省)應成為主權國家,卻輸掉了 1980 年與 1995 年的兩次公投,其中第二次的差距僅略多於一個百分點,隨後又眼看這個問題被加拿大最高法院重新界定:法院於 1998 年回應聯邦政府的提請,認為魁北克並無單方面脫離的權利,但在清楚的問題上取得清楚的多數,將使其他各方有義務進行談判,國會在制定 2000 年《清晰法》時即以這項裁決為依據。
例句三(加泰隆尼亞獨立運動)
原句
Catalan separatists, who hold that Catalonia, a region with its own language and a long tradition of self-government, has the right to decide its political status, held a referendum on 1 October 2017 that Spain's Constitutional Court had suspended, and, after the regional parliament, relying on a vote that opponents of independence largely boycotted, declared independence on 27 October, watched the Spanish government, invoking Article 155 of the constitution, dismiss the regional cabinet and impose direct rule, while their leaders either fled abroad or were later convicted of sedition, an outcome that supporters denounce as political persecution and that the Spanish state defends as the application of the law.
斷行排列
Catalan separatists,
who hold
that Catalonia,
a region with its own language and a long tradition of self-government,
has the right to decide its political status,
held a referendum on 1 October 2017
that Spain's Constitutional Court had suspended,
and,
after the regional parliament,
relying on a vote
that opponents of independence largely boycotted,
declared independence on 27 October,
watched the Spanish government,
invoking Article 155 of the constitution,
dismiss the regional cabinet
and impose direct rule,
while their leaders either fled abroad or were later convicted of sedition,
an outcome
that supporters denounce as political persecution
and that the Spanish state defends as the application of the law.
主句
Catalan separatists held a referendum and watched the Spanish government dismiss the regional cabinet and impose direct rule.(主詞後先接 who 子句,內含長同位語;動詞 held 與 watched 以 and 並列,兩者之間又插入 after 子句;watched 後接「受詞+原形動詞」的感官動詞結構)
拆成短句
加泰隆尼亞分離主義者舉行了一場公投。(主句,held)
他們主張加泰隆尼亞有權決定自己的政治地位。(who 關係子句,hold that)
加泰隆尼亞是一個地區。(同位語)
該地區有自己的語言與悠久的自治傳統。(with 片語)
公投於 2017 年 10 月 1 日舉行。(日期副詞片語)
西班牙憲法法院先前已暫停這場公投。(that 關係子句,過去完成式)
區域議會於 10 月 27 日宣布獨立。(after 子句,插在 and 與 watched 之間)
議會所依據的投票遭反對獨立者大致杯葛。(relying,現在分詞片語,內含 that 關係子句)
分離主義者眼看西班牙政府解散區域內閣。(主句第二個動詞 watched,受詞加原形動詞 dismiss)
政府是援引憲法第 155 條這麼做。(invoking,現在分詞片語,插在受詞與 dismiss 之間)
政府並實施直接統治。(and impose,與 dismiss 並列)
他們的領袖不是逃往國外,就是後來被判煽動叛亂罪。(while 子句,either…or)
這是一個結果。(同位語 an outcome)
支持者斥之為政治迫害。(that 關係子句,denounce A as B)
西班牙國家則辯護這是依法行事。(and that 關係子句,並列)
中譯
主張加泰隆尼亞(一個有自己的語言與悠久自治傳統的地區)有權決定自身政治地位的加泰隆尼亞分離主義者,於 2017 年 10 月 1 日舉行了西班牙憲法法院已暫停的公投,區域議會又依據反對獨立者大致杯葛的這次投票,於 10 月 27 日宣布獨立,結果眼看西班牙政府援引憲法第 155 條,解散區域內閣並實施直接統治,他們的領袖不是逃往國外,就是後來被判煽動叛亂罪;支持者斥此結果為政治迫害,西班牙國家則辯護這是依法行事。
三句的共同提醒
例句一的主詞 Scottish nationalists 後面是 who 子句,其內又嵌套 that 子句與 whose 子句,動詞 lost 要等到很後面才出現。but 之後插入 citing 片語,使第二個動詞 have continued 離主詞更遠。句尾的 a demand 是 a second ballot 一整個要求的同位語,其 that 子句中,主詞 the UK Supreme Court 與動詞 left 之間又插了 ruling 片語。
例句二的主詞 The Parti Québécois 後面的 which 子句內含 the idea that 的同位語子句,Quebec 之後再接長同位語 a province whose...and whose...,should become 離 Quebec 很遠。lost 與 saw 以 and 並列,saw 後面是「受詞+過去分詞」。which 與 held 之間插了 answering 片語,held 後面是兩個並列的 that 子句。
例句三的主詞 Catalan separatists 之後的 who 子句內含長同位語,held 與 watched 之間隔著一整個 after 子句,子句內的 relying 片語又帶 that 關係子句。watched 後面是感官動詞結構,受詞 the Spanish government 後插入 invoking 片語,才接 dismiss 與 impose 兩個並列的原形動詞。句尾 an outcome 是 while 子句整件事的同位語,內含兩個以 and 並列的 that 子句。
這三個主題都涉及有爭議的政治議題,句中對各方立場的陳述,我盡量採取描述性寫法(如 argue、hold、denounce、defend),以符合學術語氣。
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