正式經濟 非正式經濟

 第一句：正式經濟 formal economy（75 字）

In studies of national development, the formal economy covering registered businesses and contracted workers and generating tax revenue that funds public services is a regulation-based sector that is sustained by legal institutions, which are either praised for guaranteeing social protection or criticized by entrepreneurs who are convinced that heavy compliance costs discourage small firms, thereby strengthening public finance by enforcing labor standards and excluding micro-enterprises that have long struggled with registration costs across developing countries.

1. 結構破解

In studies of national development,

the formal economy

covering registered businesses and contracted workers

and generating tax revenue that funds public services

is a regulation-based sector

that is sustained by legal institutions,

which are either praised for guaranteeing social protection

or criticized by entrepreneurs

who are convinced that heavy compliance costs discourage small firms,

thereby strengthening public finance

by enforcing labor standards

and excluding micro-enterprises

that have long struggled with registration costs

across developing countries.

2. 分解為短句

In studies of national development, the formal economy is a regulation-based sector.（主句骨架）

The formal economy covers registered businesses and contracted workers and generates tax revenue that funds public services.

The sector is sustained by legal institutions.

The institutions are either praised for guaranteeing social protection or criticized by entrepreneurs.

The entrepreneurs are convinced that heavy compliance costs discourage small firms.

This strengthens public finance by enforcing labor standards and excluding micro-enterprises across developing countries.

The micro-enterprises have long struggled with registration costs.

3. 參考譯文

在國家發展的研究中，涵蓋登記企業與簽約勞工、並創造資助公共服務之稅收的正式經濟，是由法律制度所支撐的以規範為基礎的部門；這些制度若非因保障社會保護而受讚揚，就是受到深信高昂合規成本使小型企業卻步的企業家所批評，從而藉由執行勞動標準，並排除長期苦於登記成本的微型企業，在發展中國家強化了公共財政。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

covering / generating：現在分詞片語，取代 which covers... and generates...

時態：描述經濟制度的一般特性，用現在式（is / are / funds）；have long struggled 為現在完成式，表示「長期以來至今」

formal economy：「正式經濟」；register：「登記」；contracted worker：「簽約勞工」

tax revenue：「稅收」；fund：「提供資金」；sustain：「支撐、維持」

compliance cost：「合規成本」；micro-enterprise：「微型企業」

guarantee：「保障」；enforce：「執行」；exclude：「排除」

此句的 which are 指代 institutions；entrepreneurs 後接 who

舉例：

上市公司與大型製造廠：依法登記、繳稅、為員工投保

公務員與簽有正式合約的受薪階級：受勞動法與社會保險保障

政府規範下的銀行體系：資金流動可被追蹤與課稅

第二句：非正式經濟 informal economy（75 字）

In debates over urban poverty, the informal economy including street vendors and domestic workers and operating outside official registration and taxation is a survival-based sector that is sustained by personal networks, which are either defended for offering livelihoods to the excluded or challenged by officials who are worried that untaxed activity weakens public budgets, thereby absorbing surplus labor by accepting irregular hours and creating risks that have long threatened workers without contracts across emerging cities.

1. 結構破解

In debates over urban poverty,

the informal economy

including street vendors and domestic workers

and operating outside official registration and taxation

is a survival-based sector

that is sustained by personal networks,

which are either defended for offering livelihoods to the excluded

or challenged by officials

who are worried that untaxed activity weakens public budgets,

thereby absorbing surplus labor

by accepting irregular hours

and creating risks

that have long threatened workers without contracts

across emerging cities.

2. 分解為短句

In debates over urban poverty, the informal economy is a survival-based sector.（主句骨架）

The informal economy includes street vendors and domestic workers and operates outside official registration and taxation.

The sector is sustained by personal networks.

The networks are either defended for offering livelihoods to the excluded or challenged by officials.

The officials are worried that untaxed activity weakens public budgets.

This absorbs surplus labor by accepting irregular hours and creates risks across emerging cities.

The risks have long threatened workers without contracts.

3. 參考譯文

在都市貧窮的辯論中，包含街頭攤販與家務勞動者、並運作於官方登記與課稅之外的非正式經濟，是由人際網絡所支撐的以生存為基礎的部門；這些網絡若非因為被排除者提供生計而受辯護，就是受到擔憂未課稅活動削弱公共預算的官員所質疑，從而藉由接納不固定的工時來吸納過剩勞動力，並製造長期威脅無契約勞工的風險，這種情形遍及新興城市。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

including / operating：現在分詞片語，取代 which includes... and operates...

時態：同樣描述現況，用現在式；have long threatened 為現在完成式，強調風險持續至今

informal economy：「非正式經濟」；street vendor：「街頭攤販」；domestic worker：「家務勞動者」

outside A：在 A 之外；taxation：「課稅」

survival-based：「以生存為基礎的」；livelihood：「生計」

the excluded：「被排除者」（the + 形容詞表示一群人）

surplus labor：「過剩勞動力」；absorb：「吸納」

此句的 which are 指代 networks；officials 後接 who

舉例：

夜市與路邊攤販：多無正式營業登記，現金交易不入帳

家庭幫傭與臨時零工：無勞動契約，難享保險與福利

非官方的小額借貸圈（如民間互助會）：靠人際信任而非法律運作

兩詞的差別：formal economy 側重「被登記、課稅、受法律保護」的經濟活動，是制度內的概念；informal economy 側重「游離於登記與課稅之外」的經濟活動，是制度外的概念。前者是「國家看得見、管得到」，後者是「國家看不見、難管理」。

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