三句(戰史 軍武發展 安魂彌撒介紹)英文學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範
例句一(二次世界大戰戰爭史)
原句
The Battle of Stalingrad, which began as a German offensive intended to secure the Volga and the oil fields of the Caucasus, became a turning point of the Second World War when the Red Army, having encircled the Sixth Army in a counteroffensive that exploited the weakly held flanks defended by Romanian troops, compelled its surrender in early 1943, thereby shattering the belief that the Wehrmacht was invincible.
斷行排列
The Battle of Stalingrad,
which began as a German offensive
intended to secure the Volga
and the oil fields of the Caucasus,
became a turning point of the Second World War
when the Red Army,
having encircled the Sixth Army
in a counteroffensive
that exploited the weakly held flanks
defended by Romanian troops,
compelled its surrender in early 1943,
thereby shattering the belief
that the Wehrmacht was invincible.
主句
The Battle of Stalingrad became a turning point of the Second World War.
拆成短句
史達林格勒戰役成為二戰的轉捩點。(主句)
這場戰役起初是德軍的一次攻勢。(which 非限定關係子句)
這次攻勢意在確保窩瓦河與高加索油田。(intended,過去分詞片語,等於被動式關係子句)
當時紅軍迫使德軍第六軍投降。(when 子句,修飾 became)
紅軍先前已包圍了第六軍。(having encircled,完成式分詞片語)
包圍是透過一次反攻達成的。(in a counteroffensive)
這次反攻利用了防守薄弱的兩翼。(that 關係子句)
這些側翼由羅馬尼亞部隊防守。(defended,過去分詞片語修飾 flanks)
投降發生在 1943 年初。(in early 1943)
這打破了一種信念。(thereby shattering,現在分詞片語,表結果)
那信念認為德國國防軍不可戰勝。(that 同位語子句,說明 belief 的內容)
中譯
史達林格勒戰役起初是德軍為確保窩瓦河與高加索油田而發動的攻勢,後來卻成為二戰的轉捩點:紅軍以一次利用羅馬尼亞部隊所防守的薄弱側翼的反攻包圍了第六軍,並於 1943 年初迫使其投降,從而粉碎了德國國防軍不可戰勝的信念。
例句二(最新軍事武器的發展)
原句
As unmanned aerial systems, whose low cost and expendability have allowed even militarily modest states to threaten platforms once considered secure, proliferate across contemporary battlefields, defense planners, convinced that the traditional emphasis on a small number of exquisite and costly weapons is no longer sustainable, increasingly advocate large inventories of attritable systems that can be replaced faster than an adversary can destroy them.
斷行排列
As unmanned aerial systems,
whose low cost and expendability
have allowed even militarily modest states
to threaten platforms
once considered secure,
proliferate across contemporary battlefields,
defense planners,
convinced that the traditional emphasis
on a small number of exquisite and costly weapons
is no longer sustainable,
increasingly advocate large inventories of attritable systems
that can be replaced
faster than an adversary can destroy them.
主句
Defense planners increasingly advocate large inventories of attritable systems.(As 子句是時間或原因副詞子句,真正的主詞要等到第二個逗號之後才出現)
拆成短句
國防規劃者愈來愈主張建立大量可消耗系統的庫存。(主句)
無人航空系統在當代戰場上擴散。(As 子句)
這些系統成本低廉且可任意消耗。(whose 非限定關係子句)
這讓軍事實力有限的國家也能威脅某些平台。(have allowed + 受詞 + 不定詞)
那些平台過去被認為是安全的。(once considered secure,過去分詞片語)
規劃者深信傳統的重點已不可持續。(convinced,過去分詞片語,插在主詞與動詞之間)
傳統重點是只依賴少數精良而昂貴的武器。(on 片語修飾 emphasis)
可消耗系統的補充速度可以快過對手的摧毀速度。(that 關係子句,內含比較結構 faster than)
中譯
隨著無人航空系統在當代戰場上擴散,其低成本與可消耗性讓連軍事實力有限的國家也能威脅過去被視為安全的平台;國防規劃者深信,傳統上著重少數精良而昂貴武器的做法已難以為繼,因而愈來愈主張建立大量可消耗系統的庫存,使其補充速度快過對手的摧毀速度。
例句三(宗教聖樂安魂曲 Requiem)
原句
Although the Requiem Mass, a liturgy for the dead whose Latin text includes the sequence Dies irae describing the Last Judgment, was originally sung in plainchant, composers from the Renaissance onward, drawn to its dramatic imagery and its pleas for eternal rest, gradually transformed it into a concert work that, as in Mozart's unfinished setting and Verdi's operatic one, could be performed far beyond the church.
斷行排列
Although the Requiem Mass,
a liturgy for the dead
whose Latin text includes the sequence Dies irae
describing the Last Judgment,
was originally sung in plainchant,
composers from the Renaissance onward,
drawn to its dramatic imagery
and its pleas for eternal rest,
gradually transformed it into a concert work
that,
as in Mozart's unfinished setting
and Verdi's operatic one,
could be performed far beyond the church.
主句
Composers gradually transformed it into a concert work.(Although 子句是讓步副詞子句,it 指 the Requiem Mass)
拆成短句
作曲家逐漸把它轉變成音樂會作品。(主句)
安魂彌撒原本以單音聖歌演唱。(Although 子句)
安魂彌撒是為亡者舉行的禮儀。(a liturgy for the dead,同位語)
其拉丁文本包含「震怒之日」續抒詠。(whose 關係子句)
這首續抒詠描寫最後的審判。(describing,現在分詞片語,等於主動式關係子句)
文藝復興以降的作曲家受到吸引。(drawn,過去分詞片語,等於被動式關係子句)
吸引他們的是戲劇性的意象與對永恆安息的祈求。(to 之後以 and 並列兩個名詞)
這種音樂會作品可以在教堂之外演出。(that 關係子句)
莫札特未完成的版本與威爾第歌劇化的版本都是例子。(as in 插入片語)
中譯
儘管安魂彌撒這種為亡者舉行的禮儀(其拉丁文本含有描寫最後審判的「震怒之日」續抒詠)原本以單音聖歌演唱,但文藝復興以降的作曲家受其戲劇性意象與對永恆安息的祈求所吸引,逐漸把它轉變為一種音樂會作品,如莫札特未完成的版本與威爾第歌劇化的版本,都可以在教堂之外演出。
三句的共同提醒
例句一的 having encircled 與 thereby shattering 都是分詞片語,前者表先發生的動作,後者表結果,讀時要分清它們各自掛在哪個動詞上。
例句二的 whose 子句與 convinced 片語都插在主詞與動詞之間,先擋住,才看得出 As 子句的主詞是 systems,主句的主詞是 planners。
例句三的 Although 子句內,a liturgy for the dead 是同位語,whose 子句與 describing 片語層層嵌套,要讀到 was originally sung 才完整,最後的 as in...插入片語放在 that 與 could 之間,建議先擋住再讀。
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