三個學術型超複雜文法結構句,主題分別是軍事(二戰盟軍大敗的市場花園行動)、宗教(中元普渡)、歷史哲學(所有歷史都是當代史)
例句一(軍事史:市場花園行動)
原句
Historians who study Operation Market Garden, noting that Allied planners, eager to end the war before winter, approved a plan that required paratroopers to seize a chain of bridges across the Netherlands while an armored column advanced along a single narrow highway, and that warnings of German armored units refitting near Arnhem were set aside, conclude that the operation failed less because of any lack of courage among the troops than because of an optimism that left no margin for delay, the cost of which fell chiefly on the British 1st Airborne Division, most of whose men were killed, wounded, or captured, and on the Dutch civilians who endured the famine of the following winter.
斷行排列
Historians
who study Operation Market Garden,
noting that Allied planners,
eager to end the war before winter,
approved a plan
that required paratroopers to seize a chain of bridges across the Netherlands
while an armored column advanced along a single narrow highway,
and that warnings of German armored units
refitting near Arnhem
were set aside,
conclude
that the operation failed
less because of any lack of courage among the troops
than because of an optimism
that left no margin for delay,
the cost of which fell chiefly on the British 1st Airborne Division,
most of whose men were killed, wounded, or captured,
and on the Dutch civilians
who endured the famine of the following winter.
主句
Historians conclude that the operation failed less because of any lack of courage than because of an optimism.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 conclude 要等到很後面才出現)
拆成短句
歷史學者下結論。(主句)
這些學者研究市場花園行動。(who 關係子句)
他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)
盟軍規劃者急於在冬天前結束戰爭。(eager 形容詞片語,插在 planners 與 approved 之間)
他們批准了一項計畫。(第一個 that 子句的主要動詞)
該計畫要求傘兵奪取橫跨荷蘭的一連串橋梁。(that 關係子句,內含 require sb to do)
同時,一支裝甲縱隊沿著單一狹窄公路前進。(while 子句)
關於德軍裝甲部隊正在阿納姆附近整補的警告被擱置。(第二個 that 子句,與前者並列,內含現在分詞片語 refitting,被動語態)
作戰失敗的原因較不在於部隊缺乏勇氣。(conclude 的受詞 that 子句,less because of)
而更在於一種樂觀心態。(than because of,比較結構)
這種樂觀沒有為延誤留下餘地。(that 關係子句)
其代價主要落在英國第1空降師身上。(the cost of which,關係代名詞前置)
該師大多數人員陣亡、負傷或被俘。(whose 關係子句,三個並列過去分詞)
代價也落在荷蘭平民身上。(and on,與前一個 on 片語並列)
這些平民熬過了隨後那個冬天的饑荒。(who 關係子句)
中譯
研究市場花園行動的歷史學者注意到,急於在冬天前結束戰爭的盟軍規劃者,批准了一項要求傘兵奪取橫跨荷蘭的一連串橋梁、同時讓裝甲縱隊沿單一狹窄公路推進的計畫,而且德軍裝甲部隊正在阿納姆附近整補的警告也被擱置,因此他們認為,這場作戰失敗,與其說是因為部隊缺乏勇氣,不如說是因為一種不給延誤留下餘地的樂觀心態,其代價主要由英國第1空降師(該師大多數人員陣亡、負傷或被俘)和熬過隨後冬季饑荒的荷蘭平民承擔。
例句二(宗教人類學:中元普渡)
原句
Scholars of Chinese religion who study the Ghost Festival, noting that Taiwanese communities spend the seventh lunar month offering food, burning paper money, and reciting scriptures for spirits who have no descendants to worship them, explain that the ritual, which fuses Buddhist rites of salvation, Taoist cosmology of the underworld, and the folk conviction that the dead remain dependent on the living, serves not only to appease wandering ghosts lest they bring misfortune but also to reaffirm, through shared expense and shared meals, the obligations that bind neighbors to one another.
斷行排列
Scholars of Chinese religion
who study the Ghost Festival,
noting that Taiwanese communities spend the seventh lunar month
offering food,
burning paper money,
and reciting scriptures
for spirits
who have no descendants to worship them,
explain
that the ritual,
which fuses Buddhist rites of salvation,
Taoist cosmology of the underworld,
and the folk conviction
that the dead remain dependent on the living,
serves not only to appease wandering ghosts
lest they bring misfortune
but also to reaffirm,
through shared expense and shared meals,
the obligations
that bind neighbors to one another.
主句
Scholars explain that the ritual serves not only to appease wandering ghosts but also to reaffirm the obligations.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 explain 要等到很後面才出現)
拆成短句
中國宗教學者提出解釋。(主句)
這些學者研究中元普渡。(who 關係子句)
他們注意到一件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)
台灣社區在農曆七月供奉食物、燒紙錢、誦經。(noting 的受詞 that 子句,三個並列動名詞)
這些儀式是為那些孤魂而做。(for spirits)
這些孤魂沒有後代祭拜。(who 關係子句)
這項儀式融合了三種東西。(which 非限定關係子句,插在 ritual 與 serves 之間)
一是佛教的救度儀式。(fuses 的第一個受詞)
二是道教的陰間宇宙觀。(第二個受詞)
三是民間信念。(第三個受詞)
這信念認為亡者仍須依賴生者。(that 同位語子句)
這項儀式的作用不只在安撫遊魂。(explain 的受詞 that 子句,not only...but also)
安撫是為了避免它們帶來災禍。(lest 子句,否定目的)
也在重申義務。(but also to reaffirm)
這是透過共同出錢與共同聚餐來達成。(through 片語,插在 reaffirm 與受詞之間)
這些義務把鄰居彼此繫在一起。(that 關係子句)
中譯
研究中國宗教的學者注意到,台灣社區在農曆七月為沒有後代祭拜的孤魂供奉食物、燒紙錢並誦經,因而解釋,這項融合了佛教救度儀式、道教陰間宇宙觀,以及亡者仍須依賴生者這種民間信念的儀式,不僅在於安撫遊魂以免它們帶來災禍,也在於藉由共同出錢與共同聚餐,重申把鄰居彼此繫在一起的義務。
例句三(歷史哲學:所有歷史都是當代史)
原句
Philosophers of history who study Benedetto Croce, noting that he declared all true history to be contemporary history because the past becomes intelligible only when a present concern compels the historian to revive it, argue that this claim, which R. G. Collingwood extended by describing historical knowledge as the re-enactment of past thought in the mind of the historian, does not license inventing the past at will, since the evidence that survives constrains which questions can be answered, even though the questions themselves arise from the circumstances in which the historian lives.
斷行排列
Philosophers of history
who study Benedetto Croce,
noting that he declared all true history to be contemporary history
because the past becomes intelligible
only when a present concern compels the historian to revive it,
argue
that this claim,
which R. G. Collingwood extended
by describing historical knowledge
as the re-enactment of past thought
in the mind of the historian,
does not license inventing the past at will,
since the evidence
that survives
constrains which questions can be answered,
even though the questions themselves arise
from the circumstances
in which the historian lives.
主句
Philosophers of history argue that this claim does not license inventing the past at will.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現)
拆成短句
歷史哲學家提出主張。(主句)
這些哲學家研究克羅齊。(who 關係子句)
他們注意到一件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)
克羅齊宣稱一切真正的歷史都是當代史。(noting 的受詞 that 子句,declare sth to be...)
理由是過去只有在當下的關切迫使歷史學家去重新喚起它時,才變得可以理解。(because 子句,內含 only when 子句與 compel sb to do)
這項主張,柯林伍德曾加以延伸。(which 非限定關係子句,插在 claim 與 does not license 之間)
他把歷史知識描述為過去思想在歷史學家心中的重演。(by describing...as...,介係詞後接動名詞)
這項主張並不允許任意捏造過去。(argue 的受詞 that 子句,license sb/sth doing)
原因是留存下來的證據限制了哪些問題能夠得到回答。(since 子句,內含 that 關係子句與 which 疑問子句作 constrains 的受詞)
儘管這些問題本身產生於歷史學家所處的環境。(even though 讓步子句,內含 in which 關係子句)
中譯
研究克羅齊的歷史哲學家注意到,他宣稱一切真正的歷史都是當代史,因為過去唯有在當下的關切迫使歷史學家去重新喚起它時,才變得可以理解,因而主張這項經柯林伍德延伸、被他描述為過去思想在歷史學家心中重演的論點,並不允許任意捏造過去,因為留存下來的證據限制了哪些問題能夠得到回答,儘管這些問題本身產生於歷史學家所處的環境。
三句的共同提醒
例句一的主詞 Historians 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 conclude 要等到很後面才出現。noting 之內有兩個以 and 並列的 that 子句,第一個子句的主詞 planners 與動詞 approved 之間,插入 eager 片語。conclude 之後,less...than... 比較結構兩端各接 because of,than 之後的 optimism 再帶出 the cost of which 子句,內含 whose 子句與 who 子句,層層堆疊。
例句二的主詞 Scholars of Chinese religion 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語,片語內有三個並列動名詞,最後一個後面還掛著 who 子句。動詞 explain 要等到很後面才出現。that 子句內,the ritual 與動詞 serves 之間,被 which 非限定子句隔開,子句內三個並列受詞,最後一個又帶 that 同位語子句。serves 之後是 not only...but also...,前者接 lest 子句,後者的 reaffirm 與受詞之間,又被 through 片語推遠。
例句三的主詞 Philosophers of history 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語,片語內的 because 子句含 only when 子句,動詞 argue 要等到更後面才出現。argue 之後,this claim 與動詞 does not license 之間,插入 which 子句,內含 by describing...as... 結構,介係詞後接動名詞。since 子句之後的 even though 讓步子句,要讀到 in which 關係子句才完整。
另外,例句三的「所有歷史都是當代史」出自克羅齊,柯林伍德的「重演說」是另一套相關但不同的論述,閱讀時不宜把兩人的主張混為一談。例句一只就史家對作戰失敗原因的評價作陳述,並不貶低參戰官兵的犧牲。
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