基督新教路德會對重洗派（再洗禮派）的鎮壓

基督新教路德會對重洗派（再洗禮派）的鎮壓 

● 字源

「Anabaptist」源自希臘文 ana-（再、重新）＋ baptizein（浸入、施洗），意為「重新施洗者」。這是敵對者給的稱呼，因為此派否認嬰兒洗禮，要求成年後重新受洗。十六世紀路德宗、天主教與改革宗當局都視其為異端與社會秩序的威脅。

● 例句

Such was the alarm with which the Lutheran authorities, who had themselves been condemned by Rome as heretics and who had defended their confession before Emperor Charles V at Augsburg in 1530, regarded the Anabaptists, notably those in Saxony and Thuringia, whose insistence on adult baptism, which they held to be the only valid form, seemed to threaten both the sacramental order and civil peace, that Philip Melanchthon, whose memorandum Martin Luther endorsed, urged magistrates, wherever public blasphemy or sedition could be shown, to punish such dissenters even by death, lest their errors poison the whole community.

（約 95 字）

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Such was the alarm

with which the Lutheran authorities,

who had themselves been condemned by Rome as heretics

and who had defended their confession before Emperor Charles V at Augsburg in 1530,

regarded the Anabaptists,

notably those in Saxony and Thuringia,

whose insistence on adult baptism,

which they held to be the only valid form,

seemed to threaten both the sacramental order and civil peace,

that

Philip Melanchthon,

whose memorandum Martin Luther endorsed,

urged magistrates,

wherever public blasphemy or sedition could be shown,

to punish such dissenters even by death,

lest their errors poison the whole community.

● 分解為原初的短小句

The Lutheran authorities regarded the Anabaptists with great alarm.（Such was the alarm 倒裝；with which 引導之關係子句，alarm 為 with 之受詞而前置。）

Rome had condemned the Lutherans themselves as heretics.（who 引導之第一個關係子句，修飾 authorities。）

The Lutherans had defended their confession before Emperor Charles V at Augsburg in 1530.（and who 引導之並列關係子句。）

The Anabaptists were especially numerous in Saxony and Thuringia.（notably those 片語補充說明，those 指 Anabaptists。）

The Anabaptists insisted on adult baptism.（whose 引導之非限定性關係子句，insistence 為主詞。）

The Anabaptists held adult baptism to be the only valid form.（which 引導之插入子句，hold + 受詞 + to be。）

Their insistence seemed to threaten both the sacramental order and civil peace.（whose 子句之謂語，被前面的 which 子句切開。）

Philip Melanchthon urged magistrates to punish such dissenters even by death.（that 引導之結果子句主幹；urge + 受詞 + to 不定詞。）

Martin Luther endorsed Melanchthon's memorandum.（whose 引導之插入子句，endorsed 之受詞 memorandum 被帶到前面。）

Magistrates should act wherever public blasphemy or sedition could be shown.（wherever 引導之條件性地方副詞子句，插在 urged 與 to punish 之間。）

Their errors might otherwise poison the whole community.（lest 引導之目的子句，意為「以免」。）

● 文法解析

Such was the alarm with which ... that 倒裝（Such + be + 主詞 ... that 子句）：

such ... that 表示「如此……以致於」。Such 提到句首時，be 動詞 was 提前，主詞 the alarm 隨後。這個 alarm 又被 with which 帶出的關係子句修飾，真正的主詞（the Lutheran authorities）與動詞（regarded）要等到 with which 之後才出現。結果子句 that 遠在句中後段，讀者須一路記住句首的 Such。

who 並列加 with which 前置（the Lutheran authorities, who had ... and who had ..., regarded）：

兩個 who 子句並列修飾 authorities，插入在主詞與動詞 regarded 之間，約 25 個字。regarded 的受詞 the Anabaptists 要等到插入結束後才出現。

notably those 與 whose 子句（the Anabaptists, notably those in Saxony and Thuringia, whose ...）：

those 代替 Anabaptists，後面的 whose 修飾 those，須往回確認先行詞。whose insistence on adult baptism 之後又插入 which they held to be the only valid form，形成插入中的插入，謂語 seemed to threaten 要等到 which 子句結束才出現。

seemed to threaten both ... and ...（兩項並列受詞）：

both A and B 連接 the sacramental order 與 civil peace，以此結束長長的 whose 子句，讀者才知道 that 結果子句即將登場。

urged magistrates, wherever ... , to punish（urge + 受詞 + to 不定詞，中間插入 wherever 子句）：

urged 與 to punish 之間被 wherever 子句切開，須回頭確認「被敦促的對象是官員」。句尾的 lest 子句（以免）為目的副詞子句，lest 之後用原形動詞（或 should + 原形），此處 poison 即為原形。

● 參考譯文

路德宗當局自己也曾被羅馬斥為異端，並於一五三〇年在奧格斯堡向皇帝查理五世捍衛其信仰告白。他們對重洗派深感驚恐，尤其是薩克森與圖林根一帶的重洗派：這些人堅持成人受洗，並認為只有這種洗禮才有效，在路德宗看來似乎同時威脅聖禮秩序與社會和平。因此梅蘭希通（其備忘錄獲路德背書）促請官員，凡能證明有公開褻瀆或煽動叛亂之處，即以死刑處置這類異見者，以免其謬誤毒害整個共同體。

● 補充說明

句型亮點與文法變化：

Such + be 倒裝： 前幾篇已用過 No sooner、Seldom、Little、Only after、Not only、Not until、Hardly、Were it not for、So ... that 等倒裝，本篇改用 Such was ... that，且以 with which 前置關係子句拉長主詞與動詞之間的距離。

不使用分號： 全句僅以 with which、who、whose、which、notably、that、wherever、lest 等連接詞與關係詞推進，單一主幹（Such was the alarm ... that Melanchthon urged）貫穿到底。

插入中的插入： whose insistence 之內再套 which they held to be the only valid form，Melanchthon 之後又套 whose memorandum Luther endorsed。

兩種前置： with which 帶出的介系詞前置，以及 whose memorandum 的受詞前置，讀者須還原語序。

更多相關歷史例子（可替換或延伸使用）：

1525 年德國農民戰爭後，托馬斯·閔采爾在弗蘭肯豪森戰敗被處決，路德曾寫文章嚴厲譴責造反的農民。

1529 年第二次施派爾帝國議會通過敕令，以死刑處罰重洗派。

1530 年《奧格斯堡信仰告白》第九條明文譴責重洗派的洗禮觀。

1534–1535 年明斯特重洗派政權被主教聯軍攻破，領袖萊頓的約翰等人被處決，從此重洗派的暴力形象深植人心。

1536 年路德宗神學家在維滕貝格再度確認可對重洗派處以死刑；黑森的菲利普後期對重洗派則較為寬容。

核心學術字彙與文法重點總結：

關鍵字詞： Anabaptist（重洗派）、Adult baptism（成人洗禮）、Confession（信仰告白）、Magistrate（官員、地方長官）、Sedition（煽動叛亂）、Blasphemy（褻瀆）、Memorandum（備忘錄）、Dissenter（異見者）。

文法重點： Such + be 倒裝（such ... that）、with which 前置、並列 who 子句、whose 插入與受詞前置、notably those 補充說明、urge + 受詞 + to 不定詞、wherever 子句、lest 目的子句。

一點小提醒： 梅蘭希通關於官員可否以死刑處置重洗派的備忘錄寫於一五三〇至一五三一年間，路德的背書時間略晚，例句為求簡潔合併敘述。他們區分的是「公開褻瀆與煽動叛亂」而非單純的信仰差異，但實務上界線常模糊。另需注意，歷史上殺害重洗派最多的地區其實是天主教的哈布斯堡領地，蘇黎世的茨溫利派（改革宗）也在一五二七年淹死了曼茨，所以路德宗只是多方鎮壓者之一，並非最主要的一方。例句實際約 95 個英文單字。參考譯文為求順暢，已調整部分分句順序。