子繼寡母婚(烝報婚)
子繼寡母婚(烝報婚)
● 字源
烝報婚是中國古代對這類婚姻的稱呼。通說是「上淫曰報,下淫曰烝」:
烝:晚輩娶長輩之妻,如子娶父之庶母,《左傳》衛宣公烝夷姜。
報:長輩娶晚輩之妻,如叔伯娶姪媳。
注家對方向有分歧,此處取通說。
《史記·匈奴列傳》記載匈奴「父死,妻其後母;兄弟死,皆取其妻妻之」。這裡的「後母」是繼母,不是生母。英文常把這類制度歸入 levirate 的廣義範圍,但嚴格說,娶亡夫兄弟之妻才是 levirate,子繼庶母較難對應。
● 例句(90 字)
Although Han Confucian scholars, who prized ritual propriety, have often condemned the nomadic custom of a son marrying his father's widow, the Xiongnu rulers who long observed it, namely a successor's taking his late father's secondary wives, did so not merely because custom demanded it, but because they believed that a household which is carefully kept whole, once joined to the throne by marriage, preserves the alliance that Wang Zhaojun, the Han court lady first given to Huhanye, was ordered by the emperor to continue by marrying that chanyu's son.
● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式
Although Han Confucian scholars,
who prized ritual propriety,
have often condemned
the nomadic custom
of a son marrying his father's widow,
the Xiongnu rulers
who long observed it,
namely a successor's taking his late father's secondary wives,
did so
not merely because custom demanded it,
but because they believed
that a household
which is carefully kept whole,
once joined to the throne by marriage,
preserves the alliance
that Wang Zhaojun,
the Han court lady first given to Huhanye,
was ordered by the emperor to continue
by marrying that chanyu's son.
● 分解為原初的短小句
Han Confucian scholars prized ritual propriety.
(who 引導的關係子句,插入主詞之後。)
They have often condemned the custom.
(現在完成式,表歷來累積的批評。)
The custom is nomadic.
(nomadic 是形容詞,修飾 custom。)
A son marries his father's widow.
(of a son marrying... 中,a son 是 marrying 的意義主詞。)
Xiongnu rulers long observed the custom.
(it 指 custom;long 是「長期地」。)
A successor takes his late father's secondary wives.
(namely 帶出的同位語,說明 it 的具體內容。)
Those rulers did so.
(did so 代替 long observed it。)
Custom did not merely demand it.
(not merely... but... 的前半。)
They believed something.
(主句骨架,後接 that 名詞子句。)
A household is carefully kept whole.
(which 子句,修飾 household。)
The household is joined to the throne by marriage.
(once joined... 是省略的時間子句,完整為 once it is joined...。)
The household preserves the alliance.
(that 子句的主詞是 household,動詞是 preserves。)
Wang Zhaojun was a Han court lady.
(同位語 the Han court lady... 補充說明她的身分。)
She was first given to Huhanye.
(過去分詞 given 引導的省略結構,first 指最初。)
The emperor ordered her to continue the alliance.
(被動:was ordered by the emperor to continue。)
She continued it by marrying that chanyu's son.
(that chanyu 指呼韓邪;by 加動名詞表方式。)
● 文法解析
Although 讓步子句 + 長主詞 + did so:
Although 子句講外界評價,主句主詞 the Xiongnu rulers 後面還掛著 who 子句和 namely 同位語,要讀到 did so 才看到謂語。
namely 同位語:
namely a successor's taking... 解釋 observed it 的 it。「所有格 + 動名詞」中,意義主詞是 successor。
not merely... but...:
because custom demanded it 是表面原因,but because they believed 才是真正動機。重點從「習俗要求」轉到「政治信念」。
that 名詞子句 + 層層修飾:
believed 後的 that 子句主詞是 a household,其後 which 子句和 once 子句兩層插入,把它與動詞 preserves 隔開。要確認 preserves 的主詞是 household,不是 marriage 或 throne。
末端關係子句:
the alliance that Wang Zhaojun... was ordered... to continue 中,that 是 continue 的受詞。Wang Zhaojun 是該子句的主詞,其後同位語 the Han court lady... 是插入語。
時態安排:
have condemned(現在完成)講歷來批評;observed / demanded / believed / was ordered(過去式)敘述史事;preserves(現在式)是他們所信奉的通則。
● 參考譯文
雖然重視禮法的漢代儒生常批評游牧民族兒子娶父親遺孀的習俗;但長期奉行此俗的匈奴統治者(即繼任者收娶亡父的庶妻),這麼做並不只是因為習俗要求,而是因為他們相信:一個被細心維持完整、又藉婚姻與王權相連的家族,能保住這份聯盟。王昭君這位最初被賜給呼韓邪的漢宮女子,便是奉皇帝之命,藉嫁給該單于之子來延續此盟。
● 補充說明
史實對照:
竟寧元年(前33年)昭君出塞,號寧胡閼氏,與呼韓邪生一子。
呼韓邪死後,其子復株累若鞮單于欲娶她。據《漢書》,昭君上書求歸,成帝敕令「從胡俗」,她便改嫁,並生二女。
所以「祖孫三代」不準確,準確說法是父子相繼兩代單于。
漢匈觀點對照:
在漢人眼中,這類婚姻違反倫常。
在游牧社會,它常被視為保住財產、部眾與政治盟約的辦法,所以例句的 they believed 是以匈奴人的視角寫的。
核心字彙:
propriety(禮法)、condemn(譴責)、nomadic(游牧的)、widow(遺孀)、successor(繼任者)、secondary wife(庶妻)、alliance(聯盟)、chanyu(單于)。
提醒:
這類婚姻現已不存,也常因女性缺乏自主而受批評。昭君的故事在史學上也有不同解讀,寫作時宜用過去式敘述,避免寫成現況。
另外,我逐字計數,全句剛好 90 字(所有格 father's、successor's、chanyu's 各算一字)。
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