硬實力 軟實力 銳實力

硬實力 Hard Power（約 105 字）

Hard power, which Nye described as the ability to make others do what they would otherwise not do by means of threats or rewards, whether the stick of military force and sanctions or the carrot of aid and trade, is the oldest form of influence, for rulers have always known that those who command armies and treasuries need not persuade, a truth that explains why, when Russia curtailed gas supplies to Europe in 2022 to pressure governments backing Ukraine, it relied on an economic lever rather than on appeal, and why states lacking both force and funds find their interests ignored by those that command them.

1. 結構破解

Hard power,

which Nye described as the ability to make others do what they would otherwise not do

by means of threats or rewards,

whether the stick of military force and sanctions

or the carrot of aid and trade,

is the oldest form of influence,

for rulers have always known

that those who command armies and treasuries need not persuade,

a truth that explains why,

when Russia curtailed gas supplies to Europe in 2022

to pressure governments backing Ukraine,

it relied on an economic lever rather than on appeal,

and why states lacking both force and funds

find their interests ignored

by those that command them.

2. 分解為短句

Hard power is the oldest form of influence.（主句骨架）

Nye described hard power as an ability.

The ability is to make others do something.

Others would otherwise not do it.

Hard power works by means of threats or rewards.

The threat may be military force and sanctions (the stick).

The reward may be aid and trade (the carrot).

Rulers have always known something.

Those who command armies and treasuries need not persuade.

This is a truth.

The truth explains something.

Russia curtailed gas supplies to Europe in 2022.

It did so to pressure governments backing Ukraine.

It relied on an economic lever.

It did not rely on appeal.

Some states lack both force and funds.

Those states find their interests ignored.

Other states command force and funds.

3. 參考譯文

硬實力是奈所描述的一種能力：透過威逼利誘，讓他人做出原本不會做的事，手段或是軍事力量與制裁這種「威逼」，或是援助與貿易這種「利誘」。它是最古老的影響力形式，因為統治者向來知道，掌握軍隊與國庫的人不必說服他人。這項事實說明了兩件事：為何 2022 年俄羅斯削減對歐洲的天然氣供應、向支持烏克蘭的各國政府施壓時，靠的是經濟槓桿而非吸引力；以及為何既無武力也無資金的國家，會發現自己的利益被掌握這兩者的國家忽視。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

句型創新： 主詞 Hard power 之後接長長的非限定關係子句，下定義後才出現動詞 is。定義中以 whether ... or ... 讓步結構拆解「威逼」與「利誘」，再用 for 引出理由與同位語 a truth，最後以兩個並列的 why 子句收束。

單字：

hard power：「硬實力」；coercion：「強制」

curtail：「削減、縮減」；lever：「槓桿、施壓手段」

the stick and the carrot：「威逼與利誘（棍子與胡蘿蔔）」

treasury：「國庫」；by means of：「藉由」

文法提醒：

which Nye described as ... 是非限定關係子句，describe A as B 意為「把 A 描述為 B」。

do what they would otherwise not do 中，what 引導名詞子句作 do 的受詞。

whether ... or ... 在此是插入的讓步結構，補充 threats or rewards 的具體形式。

those who command ... 的 those 指「那些人」，is the oldest form 才是主句動詞。

a truth 是前面 that 子句的同位語，explains 後接兩個並列 why 子句。

lacking both force and funds 是現在分詞片語，修飾 states。

find their interests ignored 是「find + 受詞 + 過去分詞」。

舉例：

2022 年俄羅斯削減對歐天然氣：以能源供應作為經濟施壓工具，屬於「威逼」。

軍事入侵與軍事威懾：以武力或武力威脅迫使對方讓步，屬於「威逼」。

對外援助與貿易優惠：以經濟利益換取合作，屬於「利誘」。

軟實力 Soft Power（約 100 字）

Soft power, which Nye defined as the ability to get what one wants through attraction rather than coercion, rests on culture, political values and policies that others regard as legitimate, so that the more K-pop groups such as BTS and K-dramas such as Squid Game draw audiences abroad to admire South Korea, the less Seoul needs to threaten anyone, as the worldwide spread of the Korean Wave since the 1990s has shown, though the same case warns that attraction, being controlled by audiences rather than governments, can neither be ordered into existence nor easily turned into obedience.

1. 結構破解

Soft power,

which Nye defined as the ability to get what one wants through attraction rather than coercion,

rests on culture, political values and policies

that others regard as legitimate,

so that the more K-pop groups such as BTS and K-dramas such as Squid Game

draw audiences abroad to admire South Korea,

the less Seoul needs to threaten anyone,

as the worldwide spread of the Korean Wave since the 1990s has shown,

though the same case warns

that attraction,

being controlled by audiences rather than governments,

can neither be ordered into existence nor easily turned into obedience.

2. 分解為短句

Soft power rests on culture, political values and policies.（主句骨架）

Others regard those policies as legitimate.

Nye defined soft power as an ability.

The ability is to get what one wants through attraction.

It is not to get it through coercion.

K-pop groups such as BTS draw audiences abroad to admire South Korea.

K-dramas such as Squid Game do the same.

The more they do so, the less Seoul needs to threaten anyone.

The Korean Wave has spread worldwide since the 1990s.

This spread has shown the point.

The same case also warns of something.

Audiences control attraction.

Governments do not control it.

Attraction cannot be ordered into existence.

It also cannot easily be turned into obedience.

3. 參考譯文

軟實力是奈所定義的「透過吸引而非強制來得到自己想要之物的能力」，它建立在文化、政治價值，以及他人視為正當的政策之上。因此，像 BTS 這樣的 K-pop 團體與《魷魚遊戲》這樣的韓劇越能吸引海外觀眾欽慕南韓，首爾就越不需要威逼他人，1990 年代以來韓流在全球的擴散便是明證。不過，同一個案例也提醒我們，吸引力掌握在觀眾而非政府手中，既無法下令產生，也不容易轉化為服從。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

句型創新： 以非限定關係子句下定義，再用 so that the more ..., the less ... 的比較級連動句型，把文化吸引力與威脅需求連成因果。中間 such as 兩次並列舉例，後面接 as 子句與 though 讓步，最後以 neither ... nor 的被動結構收束。

單字：

soft power：「軟實力」；attraction：「吸引力」

Korean Wave / Hallyu：「韓流」；legitimate：「正當的」

coercion：「強制」；obedience：「服從」

order into existence：「下令使其產生」

文法提醒：

get what one wants 中，what 引導名詞子句作 get 的受詞。

that others regard as legitimate 修飾 policies，regard A as B 是固定用法。

the more ..., the less ... 是比較級連動；such as 後接具體例子，主詞是 K-pop groups ... and K-dramas ...，動詞用複數 draw。

draw audiences abroad to admire ... 是「draw + 受詞 + to 原形」，意為「吸引（某人）去做某事」。

as ... has shown 的 as 引導「正如」子句，主詞是單數 spread，所以用 has。

being controlled by ... 是被動分詞構句，說明 attraction 的特性。

neither ... nor 後接兩個被動結構：be ordered into existence 與 be turned into obedience。

舉例：

K-pop（如 BTS）：海外粉絲因音樂而學習韓語、前往韓國旅遊，間接提升國家形象。

K-drama（如《魷魚遊戲》）：透過串流平台在全球熱播，帶動對韓國文化與社會議題的關注。

限制：吸引力由觀眾決定，政府很難複製或操控。

銳實力 Sharp Power（約 120 字）

Sharp power, a term introduced in 2017 by analysts at the National Endowment for Democracy, describes an authoritarian state's effort not to charm foreign publics but to pierce the information environments of open societies, as Russia did by spreading disinformation about Ukraine before and after its 2022 invasion, yet the weaker side is not helpless, for Ukraine, which could not match Russia's army in size, has fought an asymmetric war in which cheap drones and a compelling wartime narrative, directed at foreign audiences, help offset the aggressor's advantage in numbers, a contrast that shows how openness, which sharp power exploits, can also be turned into a source of support.

1. 結構破解

Sharp power,

a term introduced in 2017 by analysts at the National Endowment for Democracy,

describes an authoritarian state's effort

not to charm foreign publics

but to pierce the information environments of open societies,

as Russia did by spreading disinformation about Ukraine before and after its 2022 invasion,

yet the weaker side is not helpless,

for Ukraine,

which could not match Russia's army in size,

has fought an asymmetric war

in which cheap drones and a compelling wartime narrative,

directed at foreign audiences,

help offset the aggressor's advantage in numbers,

a contrast that shows how openness,

which sharp power exploits,

can also be turned into a source of support.

2. 分解為短句

Sharp power describes an authoritarian state's effort.（主句骨架）

Analysts at the National Endowment for Democracy introduced the term in 2017.

The effort is not to charm foreign publics.

The effort is to pierce the information environments of open societies.

Russia did this.

It spread disinformation about Ukraine.

It did so before and after its 2022 invasion.

The weaker side is not helpless.

Ukraine could not match Russia's army in size.

Ukraine has fought an asymmetric war.

In this war, cheap drones and a compelling wartime narrative help offset an advantage.

The narrative is directed at foreign audiences.

The aggressor has the advantage in numbers.

This is a contrast.

The contrast shows something.

Sharp power exploits openness.

Openness can also be turned into a source of support.

3. 參考譯文

銳實力是 2017 年由國家民主基金會的分析者提出的概念，指威權國家的一種作為：不是去討好外國民眾，而是刺穿開放社會的資訊環境，就像俄羅斯在 2022 年入侵前後散布有關烏克蘭的假訊息那樣。然而弱小的一方並非束手無策，因為在兵力規模上無法與俄軍匹敵的烏克蘭，打的是一場不對稱戰爭：廉價的無人機，以及面向國際受眾的動人戰時敘事，都有助於抵銷侵略者的人數優勢。這個對比顯示，銳實力所利用的開放性，也可以被轉化為支持的來源。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

句型創新： 以同位語 a term introduced ... 開頭，主詞與動詞 describes 之間夾著過去分詞片語。接著 not ... but ... 對比、as 子句舉例，再以 yet ... for ... 轉折說明弱者的反制，最後用 in which 關係子句與同位語 a contrast 收束，內含 how 子句與 which 非限定子句。

單字：

sharp power：「銳實力」；disinformation：「假訊息、不實資訊」

asymmetric war：「不對稱戰爭」；aggressor：「侵略者」

offset：「抵銷」；narrative：「敘事」

pierce：「刺穿」；openness：「開放性」

文法提醒：

introduced in 2017 by ... 是過去分詞片語，修飾 a term。

an authoritarian state's effort 後接 not to charm ... but to pierce ...，兩個不定詞對比。

as Russia did 的 did 代替 pierced the information environments。

yet 連接兩個獨立子句，表示轉折；for 引導理由。

which could not match ... 是非限定關係子句，補充說明 Ukraine。

in which 的 which 指 war，後面的主詞是 cheap drones and a compelling wartime narrative，動詞用複數 help。

directed at foreign audiences 是過去分詞片語，修飾 narrative。

help offset 是「help + 原形動詞」，省略 to。

a contrast 是前面整件事的同位語；how 子句中，which sharp power exploits 修飾 openness。

舉例：

俄羅斯對烏克蘭的資訊作戰：入侵前後散布假訊息，企圖影響烏克蘭與西方的輿論。

烏克蘭的不對稱反制：以低成本無人機彌補軍力差距，並以戰時敘事爭取國際支持。

2016 年美國大選：俄羅斯網路機構利用社群平台散布分化性訊息，是銳實力的另一個典型例子。

一點提醒： 烏克蘭向國際社會爭取支持的做法，在學界較常被歸為軟實力或戰略溝通，不一定算銳實力。這一句把它放在「弱者回應銳實力」的位置，而非把烏克蘭本身定為銳實力的使用者。