習近平如何鞏固他的統治地位

 【長難句破解示範】習近平如何鞏固他的統治地位

●例句（約128 words）

Xi Jinping, who became general secretary of the Communist Party in 2012 and who, having launched an anti-corruption campaign that has disciplined millions of officials, including powerful figures such as Zhou Yongkang and Bo Xilai, consolidated his authority by presenting the purge as a defense of the Party's legitimacy, tightened control over the military, media, and internet, elevated his own doctrine, "Xi Jinping Thought", into the Party constitution in 2017, and, after the National People's Congress abolished presidential term limits in 2018, secured a third term as general secretary in 2022 in defiance of the norm of collective succession that Deng Xiaoping, wary of another Mao, had established, is regarded by admirers, who credit him with restoring national pride and discipline, as a strong leader, but by critics, who warn that concentrating power in one person removes the checks that corrected past disasters, as a source of risk.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Xi Jinping,

who became general secretary of the Communist Party in 2012

and who,

having launched an anti-corruption campaign

that has disciplined millions of officials,

including powerful figures such as Zhou Yongkang and Bo Xilai,

consolidated his authority

by presenting the purge as a defense of the Party's legitimacy,

tightened control over the military, media, and internet,

elevated his own doctrine, "Xi Jinping Thought",

into the Party constitution in 2017,

and,

after the National People's Congress abolished presidential term limits in 2018,

secured a third term as general secretary in 2022

in defiance of the norm of collective succession

that Deng Xiaoping,

wary of another Mao,

had established,

is regarded

by admirers,

who credit him with restoring national pride and discipline,

as a strong leader,

but by critics,

who warn that concentrating power in one person

removes the checks

that corrected past disasters,

as a source of risk.

●分解為原初的短小句

Xi Jinping is regarded as a strong leader by admirers but as a source of risk by critics.（主結構，18字。主詞 Xi Jinping 與動詞 is regarded 之間插入近八十個字，必須跳到 is regarded 才看到動詞。這是本句最大的難點。）

Xi became general secretary of the Communist Party in 2012.

Xi launched an anti-corruption campaign.

The campaign has disciplined millions of officials.

The officials included powerful figures such as Zhou Yongkang and Bo Xilai.

Xi presented the purge as a defense of the Party's legitimacy.

Xi consolidated his authority by doing so.

Xi tightened control over the military, media, and internet.

Xi elevated his own doctrine into the Party constitution in 2017.

The doctrine is called "Xi Jinping Thought".

The National People's Congress abolished presidential term limits in 2018.

Xi secured a third term as general secretary in 2022.

He did so in defiance of the norm of collective succession.

Deng Xiaoping had established the norm.

Deng was wary of another Mao.

Admirers credit Xi with restoring national pride and discipline.

Critics warn that concentrating power in one person removes the checks.

The checks corrected past disasters.

●文法解析

主句：Xi Jinping…is regarded…as…, but…as…。regard A as B 的被動語態是 A is regarded as B，by admirers 插在 is regarded 與 as 之間，兩組 by…as… 以 but 對等連接。

who became…and who, having launched…, consolidated…, tightened…, elevated…, and…secured…：兩個 who 關係子句用 and 連接，第二個內含五個對等動詞，要讀到 secured 才完整。

having launched an anti-corruption campaign that…：完成式分詞片語，表示更早發生。campaign 後的 that 關係子句再帶 including 分詞片語，是層層堆疊。

by presenting…：介係詞後接動名詞。present A as B 是固定句型。

after the National People's Congress abolished…：after 副詞子句，插在對等動詞之間。

the norm…that Deng Xiaoping, wary of another Mao, had established：that 是 established 的受詞，wary 是形容詞片語插在主詞與動詞之間。

who credit him with restoring…：credit A with B 的 with 後接動名詞。

who warn that concentrating…removes the checks that corrected…：動名詞片語 concentrating power in one person 當名詞子句主詞，checks 之後再接 that 關係子句。

●參考譯文

習近平於2012年出任中共總書記，並在發動反貪腐運動之後鞏固了權威。這場運動懲處了數以百萬計的官員，包括周永康、薄熙來等權貴人物。他把這場整肅包裝為捍衛黨的正當性，同時收緊對軍隊、媒體與網路的控制，2017年將自己的學說「習近平思想」寫入黨章。2018年全國人民代表大會廢除國家主席任期限制後，他又於2022年在違背鄧小平因提防再出現另一個毛澤東而確立的集體接班慣例下，取得總書記第三個任期。支持者讚許他恢復了民族自豪與紀律，視他為強勢領導人；批評者則警告，把權力集中於一人，會移除過去糾正災難的制衡，視他為風險來源。

●補充說明

general secretary 指總書記，是黨內最高職務。習近平同時擔任國家主席與中央軍委主席，三項職務通稱「黨政軍三位一體」。

anti-corruption campaign 指2012年起的反腐運動。官方稱其為肅貪與淨化黨風，批評者認為兼有清除政敵的作用，兩種解釋並存，句中以 presenting the purge as 標示官方的定位。

term limits 指任期限制。2018年修憲廢除的是國家主席連任不得超過兩屆的規定；總書記本來就沒有明文任期限制，「兩屆十年」是慣例，不是法律，所以句中用 norm 而非 rule。

collective succession 指集體接班，鄧小平主導建立隔代指定接班人與領導任期更替的做法。

Zhou Yongkang, Bo Xilai 兩人分別為前政治局常委與前重慶市委書記，均被判重刑。

習近平鞏固權力的原因與評價，學界並無共識。本句只呈現「反腐、控制、制度修改」這幾項常被提出的手段，學術寫作應避免單因論。

●長難句組合寫作練習

不看例句，用譯文與上列18個短句組合回原來的長句：

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