民主政治中的選舉、單一選區最高票當選制、比例代表制 三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範
民主政治中的選舉、單一選區最高票當選制、比例代表制 三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範
例句一(民主政治中的選舉)
原句
Elections, which democratic theorists regard as the mechanism by which citizens authorize governments and hold them accountable, and which must be free, competitive, and held at regular intervals under rules known in advance before a country can be called democratic, translate millions of votes into seats and political power, a process that scholars, noting that the rules governing it shape which parties survive, which candidates win, and how voters behave, study closely across countries, a focus that reformers, who argue that no electoral system is neutral, welcome because it turns a technical question about counting votes into a debate about fairness and representation.
斷行排列
Elections,
which democratic theorists regard as the mechanism
by which citizens authorize governments and hold them accountable,
and which must be free, competitive, and held at regular intervals
under rules known in advance
before a country can be called democratic,
translate millions of votes into seats and political power,
a process
that scholars,
noting that the rules governing it shape which parties survive, which candidates win, and how voters behave,
study closely across countries,
a focus
that reformers,
who argue that no electoral system is neutral,
welcome
because it turns a technical question about counting votes
into a debate about fairness and representation.
主句
Elections translate millions of votes into seats and political power.(主詞後先接兩個並列的 which 子句,內含 by which 子句、過去分詞片語與 before 子句,動詞 translate 要讀很久才出現)
拆成短句
選舉把數百萬張選票轉換為席次與政治權力。(主句,translate...into)
民主理論家視選舉為一種機制。(which 關係子句,regard as)
公民藉由這種機制授權政府並要求政府負責。(by which 子句,兩個並列動詞 authorize 與 hold)
選舉必須自由、有競爭並定期舉行。(and which 並列,must be 接三個並列形容詞與過去分詞)
選舉須依事先公開的規則進行。(under 片語,過去分詞 known)
一個國家要符合這些條件才能被稱為民主。(before 子句,can be called)
這是一個過程。(同位語 a process)
學者跨國密切研究它。(that 子句,scholars 為主詞,動詞 study)
學者注意到規範選舉的規則形塑哪些政黨存活、哪些候選人獲勝、選民如何行為。(noting,現在分詞片語,三個並列名詞子句,插在 scholars 與 study 之間)
這是一個焦點。(同位語 a focus)
改革者歡迎這個焦點。(that 子句,reformers 為主詞,動詞 welcome)
改革者主張沒有任何選舉制度是中立的。(who 關係子句,argue that,插在 reformers 與 welcome 之間)
因為它把計票的技術問題變成關於公平與代表性的辯論。(because 子句,turns...into)
參考翻譯
民主理論家視選舉為公民授權政府並要求政府負責的機制,選舉必須自由、有競爭、定期舉行且依事先公開的規則進行,一個國家才能被稱為民主,選舉把數百萬張選票轉換為席次與政治權力;學者注意到規範選舉的規則形塑哪些政黨存活、哪些候選人獲勝、選民如何行為,因而跨國密切研究這個過程,而主張沒有任何選舉制度是中立的改革者,歡迎這個研究焦點,因為它把計票的技術問題變成關於公平與代表性的辯論。
例句二(單一選區最高票當選制 first past the post)
原句
First past the post, which awards each district's single seat to the candidate with the most votes even when that candidate falls short of a majority, and which the United Kingdom, Canada, and India use to choose their national legislatures, tends to produce clear winners and stable single-party governments, a result that supporters, who value the direct link between a member and a district, praise, although critics, noting that a party can win a majority of seats with well under half of the votes and that ballots cast for losing candidates elect no one, call it wasteful and unfair to smaller parties.
斷行排列
First past the post,
which awards each district's single seat to the candidate with the most votes
even when that candidate falls short of a majority,
and which the United Kingdom, Canada, and India use
to choose their national legislatures,
tends to produce clear winners and stable single-party governments,
a result
that supporters,
who value the direct link between a member and a district,
praise,
although critics,
noting that a party can win a majority of seats with well under half of the votes
and that ballots cast for losing candidates elect no one,
call it wasteful and unfair to smaller parties.
主句
First past the post tends to produce clear winners and stable single-party governments.(主詞後先接兩個並列的 which 子句,第二個的受詞 which 前置於主詞之前,動詞 tends 要讀很久才出現)
拆成短句
單一選區最高票當選制往往產生明確的勝選者與穩定的一黨政府。(主句,tends to produce)
這個制度把每個選區唯一的席次給予得票最多的候選人。(which 關係子句,awards...to)
即使該候選人未達過半也是如此。(even when 子句,falls short of)
英國、加拿大與印度用它選出全國性議會。(and which 並列,which 為 use 的受詞,不定詞 to choose)
這是一種結果。(同位語 a result)
支持者讚揚這項結果。(that 子句,supporters 為主詞,動詞 praise)
支持者重視議員與選區之間的直接連結。(who 關係子句,插在 supporters 與 praise 之間)
批評者稱它浪費,且對小黨不公。(although 子句,critics 為主詞,動詞 call...wasteful and unfair)
批評者注意到一個政黨可在得票遠低於半數時贏得過半席次。(noting,現在分詞片語,that 子句)
批評者也注意到投給落選者的選票沒有選出任何人。(and that 並列,過去分詞片語 cast for)
參考翻譯
單一選區最高票當選制把每個選區唯一的席次給予得票最多的候選人,即使該候選人未達過半亦然,英國、加拿大與印度用它選出全國性議會,這個制度往往產生明確的勝選者與穩定的一黨政府;重視議員與選區直接連結的支持者讚揚這項結果,然而批評者注意到一個政黨可在得票遠低於半數時贏得過半席次,且投給落選者的選票沒有選出任何人,因而稱它浪費,且對小黨不公。
例句三(比例代表制 proportional representation)
原句
Proportional representation, which allocates legislative seats to parties in rough proportion to the votes they receive, usually by asking voters to choose among party lists in districts that elect several members at once, and which Sweden, the Netherlands, and many other countries have adopted, gives smaller parties a realistic chance of winning seats, a feature that advocates, who argue that a parliament should mirror the range of opinion in society, defend, although opponents, noting that it often forces parties to bargain after the election and may give small groups leverage over coalitions, warn that voters may lose the power to remove a government directly.
斷行排列
Proportional representation,
which allocates legislative seats to parties
in rough proportion to the votes they receive,
usually by asking voters to choose among party lists
in districts that elect several members at once,
and which Sweden, the Netherlands, and many other countries have adopted,
gives smaller parties a realistic chance of winning seats,
a feature
that advocates,
who argue that a parliament should mirror the range of opinion in society,
defend,
although opponents,
noting that it often forces parties to bargain after the election
and may give small groups leverage over coalitions,
warn that voters may lose the power to remove a government directly.
主句
Proportional representation gives smaller parties a realistic chance of winning seats.(主詞後先接兩個並列的 which 子句,第一個內含 in proportion to 片語、by 加動名詞與 that 關係子句,動詞 gives 要讀很久才出現)
拆成短句
比例代表制讓小黨有實際贏得席次的機會。(主句,gives...a chance of winning)
這個制度把議會席次依得票的大致比例分配給政黨。(which 關係子句,allocates...in proportion to)
選民得到的選票通常是在政黨名單中選擇。(by 加動名詞 asking...to choose)
這些名單用在一次選出多位議員的選區。(that 關係子句,elect several members)
瑞典、荷蘭與許多其他國家採用了它。(and which 並列,which 為 have adopted 的受詞前置)
這是一項特點。(同位語 a feature)
倡議者為這項特點辯護。(that 子句,advocates 為主詞,動詞 defend)
倡議者主張議會應反映社會意見的範圍。(who 關係子句,argue that,插在 advocates 與 defend 之間)
反對者警告選民可能失去直接罷黜政府的權力。(although 子句,opponents 為主詞,動詞 warn that)
反對者注意到它常迫使政黨在選後協商。(noting,現在分詞片語,forces...to)
他們也注意到它可能讓小團體對聯合政府握有籌碼。(and may give 並列)
參考翻譯
比例代表制把議會席次依得票的大致比例分配給政黨,通常讓選民在一次選出多位議員的選區中從政黨名單裡選擇,瑞典、荷蘭與許多其他國家都採用,它讓小黨有實際贏得席次的機會;主張議會應反映社會意見範圍的倡議者為這項特點辯護,然而反對者注意到它常迫使政黨在選後協商,也可能讓小團體對聯合政府握有籌碼,因而警告選民可能失去直接罷黜政府的權力。
三句的共同提醒
例句一的主詞 Elections 後面先接兩個以 and 並列的 which 子句,第一個內含 by which 子句與兩個並列動詞 authorize 和 hold,第二個內含三個並列形容詞、過去分詞片語與 before 子句,動詞 translate 要讀很久才出現。句尾 a process 與 a focus 是兩層同位語,前者的 that 子句中,scholars 與 study 之間插了 noting 片語,內含三個並列的名詞子句,後者的 that 子句中,reformers 與 welcome 之間插了 who 子句,之後以 because 子句收束。
例句二的主詞 First past the post 後面先接兩個以 and 並列的 which 子句,第一個內含 even when 子句,第二個的受詞 which 前置於主語 the United Kingdom, Canada, and India 之前,動詞 tends 要讀很久才出現。句尾 a result 是同位語,其 that 子句中,supporters 與 praise 之間插了 who 子句,之後以 although 子句收束,critics 與 call 之間插了 noting 片語,內含兩個以 and 並列的 that 子句。
例句三的主詞 Proportional representation 後面先接兩個以 and 並列的 which 子句,第一個內含 in proportion to 片語、省略關係詞的 they receive、by 加動名詞與 that 關係子句,第二個的受詞 which 前置,動詞 gives 要讀很久才出現。句尾 a feature 是同位語,其 that 子句中,advocates 與 defend 之間插了 who 子句,之後以 although 子句收束,opponents 與 warn 之間插了 noting 片語,內含兩個並列動詞 forces 與 may give。
另外,選舉制度屬於有爭議的政治議題,我採描述性寫法,並同時呈現支持者與批評者的論點,不代表我的立場。若要用於正式教材,建議再核對下列細節:
英國下議院、加拿大眾議院與印度人民院都採單一選區最高票當選制;「往往產生一黨政府」是傾向而非定律,英國 2010 年就曾組成聯合政府,加拿大也多次出現少數政府。
比例代表制有多種類型:瑞典與荷蘭採政黨名單制,德國採聯立制(單一選區加比例名單),許多國家另設得票門檻,並非所有制度都能讓極小的政黨進入議會。
例句一對「民主選舉」的條件(自由、有競爭、定期、規則事先公開)是政治學常見的最小定義之一,並非唯一標準。
「選民失去直接罷黜政府的權力」是反對者的論點,支持者則常反駁聯合政府更能反映多數意見,各國實證結果不一。
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