和平(諾貝爾和平獎簡介)、宗教與神學(神死神學)、人物簡介(宗教改革家加爾文)三個學術型超複雜文法結構長難句

 例句一(和平:諾貝爾和平獎簡介)

原句

Commentators who study the Nobel Peace Prize, noting that Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist who made his fortune from dynamite, left most of his estate to fund prizes, one of which was to honor whoever had done the most to promote fraternity between nations, and that this prize alone is awarded in Oslo by a committee appointed by the Norwegian parliament, observe that the award, which went in 1901 to Henri Dunant and Frédéric Passy and has since been given to organizations as well as individuals, has often provoked controversy because the committee, choosing laureates whose efforts may bear fruit only years later, must judge a peace that is still unfinished.

斷行排列

Commentators

 who study the Nobel Peace Prize,

 noting that Alfred Nobel,

  a Swedish chemist

   who made his fortune from dynamite,

  left most of his estate to fund prizes,

   one of which was to honor whoever

    had done the most to promote fraternity between nations,

 and that this prize alone is awarded in Oslo

  by a committee

   appointed by the Norwegian parliament,

observe

 that the award,

  which went in 1901 to Henri Dunant and Frédéric Passy

  and has since been given to organizations as well as individuals,

 has often provoked controversy

  because the committee,

   choosing laureates

    whose efforts may bear fruit only years later,

  must judge a peace

   that is still unfinished.

主句

Commentators observe that the award has often provoked controversy.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 observe 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

評論者提出觀察。(主句)

這些評論者研究諾貝爾和平獎。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)

諾貝爾是瑞典化學家。(同位語 a Swedish chemist)

他靠炸藥致富。(who 關係子句)

他把大部分遺產留作設立獎項之用。(noting 的第一個 that 子句,不定詞表目的)

其中一個獎項要表彰為促進國與國之間的兄弟情誼貢獻最大的人。(one of which 結構,內含 whoever 子句與過去完成式)

只有這個獎項在奧斯陸頒發,由挪威國會任命的委員會評選。(第二個 that 子句,與前者並列,被動語態,內含過去分詞片語 appointed)

這個獎項於1901年頒給杜南與帕西。(which 非限定關係子句,插在 award 與 has provoked 之間)

此後也頒給組織與個人。(與前一個動詞並列,現在完成式被動)

這個獎項常引發爭議。(observe 的受詞 that 子句主結構)

委員會選擇的得獎人,其努力的成果可能多年後才顯現。(choosing,現在分詞片語,內含 whose 關係子句)

因此委員會必須評斷一個尚未完成的和平。(because 子句的主結構,that 關係子句)

中譯

研究諾貝爾和平獎的評論者注意到,瑞典化學家諾貝爾靠炸藥致富,把大部分遺產留作設立獎項之用,其中一項要表彰為促進國與國之間兄弟情誼貢獻最大的人,而且唯獨這個獎項在奧斯陸頒發,由挪威國會任命的委員會評選,並指出,這個1901年頒給杜南與帕西、此後也頒給組織與個人的獎項,常引發爭議,因為委員會所選擇的得獎人,其努力的成果可能多年後才顯現,所以必須評斷一個尚未完成的和平。

例句二(宗教與神學:神死神學)

原句

Historians of theology who study the death-of-God movement, noting that Thomas Altizer and William Hamilton, writing in the United States in the 1960s and drawing on Nietzsche's declaration that God is dead as well as on Dietrich Bonhoeffer's call for a Christianity without religion, claimed that the transcendent God of traditional belief had ceased to be a living reality in modern secular culture, argue that the movement, which the press popularized in 1966 through a magazine cover that asked whether God was dead, was less an announcement of atheism than an attempt to ask what faith could mean in a world that no longer takes the sacred for granted, a reading that is supported by Altizer's insistence that God had emptied himself completely in Christ.

斷行排列

Historians of theology

 who study the death-of-God movement,

 noting that Thomas Altizer and William Hamilton,

  writing in the United States in the 1960s

  and drawing on Nietzsche's declaration

   that God is dead

  as well as on Dietrich Bonhoeffer's call

   for a Christianity without religion,

 claimed that the transcendent God of traditional belief

  had ceased to be a living reality

  in modern secular culture,

argue

 that the movement,

  which the press popularized in 1966

   through a magazine cover

    that asked whether God was dead,

 was less an announcement of atheism

 than an attempt to ask

  what faith could mean in a world

   that no longer takes the sacred for granted,

 a reading

  that is supported by Altizer's insistence

   that God had emptied himself completely in Christ.

主句

Historians of theology argue that the movement was less an announcement of atheism than an attempt to ask what faith could mean.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

神學史家提出主張。(主句)

這些史家研究神死運動。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到一件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)

阿爾蒂則與漢彌爾頓於1960年代在美國寫作。(writing,現在分詞片語,插在主詞與動詞之間)

他們援引尼采「上帝已死」的宣告。(drawing on,內含 that 同位語子句)

他們也援引潘霍華對「無宗教的基督教」的呼籲。(as well as on,與前者並列)

他們宣稱傳統信仰中超越的上帝,在現代世俗文化中已不再是活的實在。(noting 的受詞 that 子句,過去完成式)

這場運動被新聞界於1966年透過一期雜誌封面而推廣開來。(which 非限定關係子句,內含 that 關係子句與 whether 名詞子句)

那期封面問上帝是否已死。(that asked whether...)

這場運動與其說是無神論的宣告。(argue 的受詞 that 子句,less...than... 比較結構)

不如說是一種嘗試,去追問信仰在什麼樣的世界裡還能有什麼意義。(an attempt to ask,不定詞,內含 what 疑問子句)

這個世界已不再把神聖視為理所當然。(in a world that 關係子句)

這種解讀是一種看法。(同位語 a reading)

阿爾蒂則堅持上帝已在基督裡徹底自我倒空,這支持了這種解讀。(that 關係子句,被動語態,內含 that 同位語子句)

中譯

研究神死運動的神學史家注意到,於1960年代在美國寫作、並援引尼采「上帝已死」的宣告以及潘霍華「無宗教的基督教」呼籲的阿爾蒂則與漢彌爾頓,宣稱傳統信仰中超越的上帝,在現代世俗文化中已不再是活的實在,因而主張,這場經新聞界於1966年透過一期問「上帝是否已死」的雜誌封面而廣為流傳的運動,與其說是無神論的宣告,不如說是一種嘗試,去追問在一個不再把神聖視為理所當然的世界裡,信仰還能有什麼意義,而阿爾蒂則堅持上帝已在基督裡徹底自我倒空,更支持了這種解讀。

例句三(人物簡介:宗教改革家加爾文)

原句

Biographers of John Calvin, noting that he was born in Noyon in 1509, trained in humanist scholarship and law, and forced to flee France after the Protestant cause came under persecution, recount that Calvin, who published the first edition of the Institutes of the Christian Religion in Basel in 1536 and was then persuaded by Guillaume Farel to remain in Geneva, was expelled in 1538 but recalled in 1541, after which he built a church order centered on preaching, a consistory supervising morals, and an academy training pastors, whose graduates carried his teaching on the sovereignty of God across Europe, a legacy that remains inseparable from the execution of Michael Servetus in 1553, which defenders and critics alike have had to explain.

斷行排列

Biographers of John Calvin,

 noting that he was born in Noyon in 1509,

  trained in humanist scholarship and law,

  and forced to flee France

   after the Protestant cause came under persecution,

recount

 that Calvin,

  who published the first edition of the Institutes of the Christian Religion

   in Basel in 1536

  and was then persuaded by Guillaume Farel

   to remain in Geneva,

 was expelled in 1538 but recalled in 1541,

  after which he built a church order

   centered on preaching,

   a consistory supervising morals,

   and an academy training pastors,

    whose graduates carried his teaching on the sovereignty of God

    across Europe,

 a legacy

  that remains inseparable from the execution of Michael Servetus in 1553,

   which defenders and critics alike have had to explain.

主句

Biographers recount that Calvin was expelled in 1538 but recalled in 1541.(主詞之後接 noting 片語,動詞 recount 要等到很後面才出現;that 子句的主詞 Calvin 與動詞 was expelled 之間,又被 who 子句隔開)

拆成短句

傳記作者敘述一段經歷。(主句)

加爾文於1509年出生於努瓦永。(noting 的受詞 that 子句)

他受過人文主義學問與法律的訓練。(過去分詞片語,省略 was)

他在新教事業遭受迫害後被迫逃離法國。(與前者並列的過去分詞片語,內含 after 子句)

加爾文於1536年在巴塞爾出版《基督教要義》初版。(who 關係子句)

他隨後被法雷爾說服留在日內瓦。(與前者並列,被動語態,persuade sb to do)

他於1538年被驅逐,1541年又被召回。(recount 的受詞 that 子句主結構,but 連接兩個過去分詞)

此後他建立了一套教會秩序。(after which 子句)

這套秩序以講道為核心。(過去分詞片語 centered on)

它也包括一個監督道德的長老議會。(與前者並列,現在分詞片語 supervising)

它還包括一所培訓牧者的學院。(與前者並列,現在分詞片語 training)

這所學院的畢業生把他關於上帝主權的教導帶往歐洲各地。(whose 關係子句)

這是一項遺產。(同位語 a legacy)

這項遺產與1553年處決塞爾維特一事密不可分。(that 關係子句)

擁護者與批評者都不得不對這件事作出解釋。(which 非限定關係子句,現在完成式)

中譯

研究加爾文的傳記作者注意到,他於1509年出生於努瓦永,受過人文主義學問與法律的訓練,並在新教事業遭受迫害後被迫逃離法國,因而敘述,加爾文於1536年在巴塞爾出版《基督教要義》初版,隨後被法雷爾說服留在日內瓦,卻於1538年被驅逐,1541年又被召回,此後他建立了一套以講道為核心、設有監督道德的長老議會、並有一所培訓牧者之學院的教會秩序,該學院的畢業生把他關於上帝主權的教導帶往歐洲各地,這項遺產與1553年處決塞爾維特一事密不可分,擁護者與批評者都不得不對此作出解釋。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的主詞 Commentators 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 observe 要等到很後面才出現。noting 之內有兩個以 and 並列的 that 子句,第一個子句裡,Alfred Nobel 與動詞 left 之間,插入同位語 a Swedish chemist 和 who 子句;one of which 結構又把後面的 whoever 子句推得更遠。observe 之後,the award 與動詞 has provoked 之間,插入 which 子句,內含兩個並列動詞;because 子句中,the committee 與動詞 must judge 之間,再插入 choosing 片語,內含 whose 子句。

例句二的主詞 Historians of theology 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語,片語內 Altizer and Hamilton 與動詞 claimed 之間,被兩個並列的現在分詞片語(writing、drawing on)隔開,動詞 argue 要等到更後面才出現。argue 之後,the movement 與動詞 was 之間插入 which 子句,內含 that 關係子句與 whether 名詞子句;less...than... 比較結構之後,what 疑問子句與 that 關係子句再層層堆疊,句尾 a reading 是前面整個比較結構的同位語。

例句三的主詞 Biographers 後面連著 noting 片語,片語內有三個並列的結構(born、trained、forced),動詞 recount 要等到很後面才出現。recount 之後,Calvin 與動詞 was expelled 之間,被 who 子句隔開,子句內有兩個以 and 並列的動詞。after which 子句裡,三個並列名詞(church order、consistory、academy)最後一個帶出 whose 子句;句尾 a legacy 是同位語,that 子句內的 Michael Servetus 之後,還掛著一個 which 非限定關係子句,動詞 have had to explain 殿後。

另外,例句一只就獎項的設立與評選方式作陳述,並不對任何得獎人作評價。例句二說明的是神死神學者的主張與史家對該運動的一種解讀,並不代表作者支持或反對該主張,且阿爾蒂則與漢彌爾頓的立場並不完全相同,閱讀時不宜混為一談。例句三只陳述加爾文的生平與其影響,塞爾維特事件至今仍有爭論,例句也僅說明雙方都須對此作出解釋,並未作價值判斷。

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