三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範 聯合國決議案 台灣不屬於中國 新加坡有華裔而非有中國人

聯合國有關中國與台灣的2758號決議案的爭議 

台灣自古以來並不屬於中國 

新加坡是華裔為主的國家而非中國人(中華人民共和國人民)

三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

例句一(聯合國2758號決議案的爭議)

原句

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758, which was adopted in October 1971 by a vote of 76 to 35 with 17 abstentions and which decided to recognize the representatives of the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations while expelling those of Chiang Kai-shek, remains disputed because Beijing, which treats the text as settling Taiwan's status, argues that it confirms the one-China principle, whereas Taiwan's government, backed by the United States and several other governments that note that the text never mentions Taiwan or addresses its sovereignty, maintains that the resolution resolved only the question of who represents China, a distinction that critics of Beijing's reading say has been blurred to justify excluding Taiwan from UN-related bodies.

斷行排列

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758,

 which was adopted in October 1971

  by a vote of 76 to 35

  with 17 abstentions

 and which decided to recognize the representatives of the People's Republic of China

  as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations

  while expelling those of Chiang Kai-shek,

remains disputed

 because Beijing,

  which treats the text as settling Taiwan's status,

 argues that it confirms the one-China principle,

 whereas Taiwan's government,

  backed by the United States

  and several other governments

   that note that the text never mentions Taiwan

   or addresses its sovereignty,

 maintains that the resolution resolved only the question

  of who represents China,

 a distinction

  that critics of Beijing's reading say

  has been blurred

   to justify excluding Taiwan from UN-related bodies.

主句

Resolution 2758 remains disputed.(主詞後先接長長的兩個並列 which 子句,動詞 remains 要讀很久才出現)

拆成短句

聯合國2758號決議案至今仍有爭議。(主句,remains disputed)

這項決議案於 1971 年 10 月通過。(which 非限定關係子句,被動語態)

表決結果是 76 票贊成、35 票反對。(by a vote of)

另有 17 票棄權。(with 片語)

決議決定承認中華人民共和國的代表。(and which 關係子句,並列)

這些代表是中國在聯合國的唯一合法代表。(as 片語)

同時驅逐蔣介石的代表。(while 加動名詞 expelling,those of 指 representatives)

北京把決議文視為已解決台灣地位。(because 子句內的 which 關係子句)

北京主張決議確認了一個中國原則。(argues that 子句)

台北政府的立場則不同。(whereas 子句)

美國與若干其他政府支持台北的說法。(backed by,過去分詞片語)

這些政府指出決議文從未提到台灣。(that 關係子句,note that)

決議文也未處理台灣的主權。(or addresses,並列)

台北主張決議只解決了誰代表中國的問題。(maintains that)

這是一種區分。(同位語 a distinction)

批評北京解讀的人說這種區分被模糊了。(that 子句,critics say 為插入語)

模糊的目的是為合理化把台灣排除在聯合國相關機構之外。(不定詞片語 to justify)

参考翻譯

聯合國2758號決議案於 1971 年 10 月以 76 票贊成、35 票反對、17 票棄權通過,決定承認中華人民共和國的代表為中國在聯合國的唯一合法代表,同時驅逐蔣介石的代表,至今仍有爭議:北京把決議文視為已解決台灣地位,主張它確認了一個中國原則;台北政府則在美國與若干指出決議文從未提及台灣、也未處理其主權的政府支持下,主張決議只解決了誰代表中國的問題,批評北京解讀的人認為這項區分已被模糊,以便合理化把台灣排除在聯合國相關機構之外。

例句二(台灣自古以來並不屬於中國)

原句

The claim that Taiwan has belonged to China since time immemorial, which Beijing presents as settled history, is questioned by historians who note that the island, which Austronesian peoples had inhabited for thousands of years before Dutch and Spanish colonizers arrived in the seventeenth century, came under Qing administration only in 1683, became a province in 1885, and was ceded to Japan in 1895, a record that many Taiwanese scholars read as showing that Chinese dynastic rule reached only part of the island, and only from the late seventeenth century, a reading that Beijing, stressing the continuity of Chinese settlement and Qing governance, rejects as an attempt to detach Taiwan's past from China's.

斷行排列

The claim

 that Taiwan has belonged to China since time immemorial,

  which Beijing presents as settled history,

is questioned by historians

 who note

  that the island,

   which Austronesian peoples had inhabited for thousands of years

   before Dutch and Spanish colonizers arrived in the seventeenth century,

  came under Qing administration only in 1683,

  became a province in 1885,

  and was ceded to Japan in 1895,

 a record

  that many Taiwanese scholars read as showing

   that Chinese dynastic rule reached only part of the island,

   and only from the late seventeenth century,

 a reading

  that Beijing,

   stressing the continuity of Chinese settlement and Qing governance,

  rejects as an attempt

   to detach Taiwan's past from China's.

主句

The claim is questioned by historians.(主詞後先接同位語 that 子句與 which 子句,被動語態的動詞 is questioned 要讀很久才出現)

拆成短句

這種說法受到歷史學者質疑。(主句,被動語態)

說法的內容是台灣自古以來屬於中國。(同位語 that 子句,現在完成式)

北京把這種說法當作定論。(which 非限定關係子句)

這些歷史學者指出了幾項事實。(who note that)

南島語族在這座島上居住了數千年。(which 子句,過去完成式)

荷蘭與西班牙殖民者是在十七世紀才到來。(before 子句)

台灣到 1683 年才納入清朝治理。(that 子句的動詞 came under,only in)

台灣在 1885 年設省。(became,並列)

台灣在 1895 年被割讓給日本。(was ceded,並列被動)

這是一段紀錄。(同位語 a record)

許多台灣學者把它解讀為,王朝統治只及於島的一部分。(read as showing that)

而且統治只始於十七世紀晚期。(and only from 片語)

這是一種解讀。(同位語 a reading)

北京強調中國人移居與清朝治理是連續的。(stressing,現在分詞片語,插在 Beijing 與 rejects 之間)

北京駁斥這種解讀,稱其企圖使台灣的過去與中國的過去分離。(that 子句的動詞 rejects as)

参考翻譯

台灣自古以來屬於中國的說法,北京視為定論,卻受到歷史學者質疑:他們指出,這座島在南島語族居住數千年、荷蘭與西班牙殖民者於十七世紀到來之後,才於 1683 年納入清朝治理、1885 年設省,並於 1895 年割讓給日本,許多台灣學者將這段紀錄解讀為王朝統治只及於島的一部分,且始於十七世紀晚期;北京強調中國人移居與清朝治理的連續性,駁斥這種解讀企圖使台灣的過去與中國的過去分離。

例句三(新加坡是華裔為主的國家而非中華人民共和國人民)

原句

Singapore, which became independent in 1965 and whose resident population is about three-quarters ethnically Chinese, a majority descended largely from migrants who left southern China in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, describes itself as a multiracial nation rather than a Chinese one, a self-understanding that its government, which designates English as the working language and treats Chinese, Malays, Indians, and others as equal communities, reinforces through policy, and that observers who confuse ethnicity, which concerns ancestry and culture, with citizenship, which defines legal membership in a state, overlook when they treat Singaporeans of Chinese descent as if they were nationals of the People's Republic of China.

斷行排列

Singapore,

 which became independent in 1965

 and whose resident population is about three-quarters ethnically Chinese,

  a majority

   descended largely from migrants

    who left southern China in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,

describes itself as a multiracial nation

 rather than a Chinese one,

 a self-understanding

  that its government,

   which designates English as the working language

   and treats Chinese, Malays, Indians, and others as equal communities,

  reinforces through policy,

  and that observers

   who confuse ethnicity,

    which concerns ancestry and culture,

   with citizenship,

    which defines legal membership in a state,

  overlook

   when they treat Singaporeans of Chinese descent

   as if they were nationals of the People's Republic of China.

主句

Singapore describes itself as a multiracial nation.(主詞後先接兩個並列的 which/whose 子句與同位語,動詞 describes 要讀很久才出現)

拆成短句

新加坡自稱是一個多元種族的國家。(主句,describes itself as)

新加坡不自稱是華人國家。(rather than a Chinese one,one 指 nation)

新加坡於 1965 年獨立。(which 非限定關係子句)

新加坡的居民約有四分之三是華裔。(and whose 關係子句,並列)

這個多數群體是一個族群多數。(同位語 a majority)

他們大多是移民的後代。(descended,過去分詞片語)

這些移民在十九世紀與二十世紀初離開中國南方。(who 關係子句)

這是一種自我理解。(同位語 a self-understanding)

新加坡政府以政策強化這種理解。(that 子句,政府為主詞,動詞 reinforces)

政府指定英語為工作語言。(which 關係子句,插在 government 與 reinforces 之間)

政府把華人、馬來人、印度人及其他族群視為平等的社群。(and treats,並列)

有些觀察者忽略了這種理解。(and that 並列,主詞 observers,動詞 overlook)

這些觀察者混淆了族裔與公民身分。(who confuse A with B)

族裔涉及祖先與文化。(which 關係子句)

公民身分界定一個人在國家中的法律成員資格。(which 關係子句)

他們忽略的情形發生在把華裔新加坡人當作中華人民共和國國民時。(when 子句,as if 假設語氣,were)

参考翻譯

新加坡於 1965 年獨立,居民約四分之三為華裔,這個多數群體大多是十九世紀與二十世紀初離開中國南方之移民的後代,但新加坡自稱是多元種族的國家而非華人國家,其政府指定英語為工作語言,並把華人、馬來人、印度人及其他族群視為平等的社群,以政策強化這種自我理解,而那些混淆涉及祖先與文化的族裔與界定國家法律成員資格的公民身分的觀察者,則在把華裔新加坡人當作中華人民共和國國民時,忽略了這一點。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的主詞 Resolution 2758 後面先接兩個以 and 並列的 which 子句,內含 by a vote of 與 with 片語,以及 while expelling 分詞片語,動詞 remains 要讀很久才出現。because 子句以 whereas 對比兩方,Taiwan's government 之後插了 backed by 片語,內含 that 子句,其中 note that 又帶 never mentions ... or addresses 兩個並列動詞。句尾 a distinction 是前面 resolved only the question 的同位語,其 that 子句中,critics say 為插入語,has been blurred 才是動詞。

例句二的主詞 The claim 之後先接同位語 that 子句與 which 子句,被動語態的 is questioned 要等很久才出現。who note that 引出的子句主詞是 the island,其後插了 which 子句,內含 before 子句,動詞 came、became、was ceded 以 and 並列。句尾 a record 與 a reading 是兩層同位語,前者的 that 子句內含 read as showing that,後者的 that 子句中,Beijing 與 rejects 之間插了 stressing 片語。

例句三的主詞 Singapore 之後有 which 與 whose 兩個並列子句,其後插入同位語 a majority,內含過去分詞 descended 與 who 子句,動詞 describes 要讀很久才出現。句尾 a self-understanding 是前面整個 describes 句的同位語,後面兩個 that 子句以 and 並列:前者的動詞 reinforces 與主詞 government 之間插了 which 子句,後者的主詞 observers 與動詞 overlook 之間插了 who 子句,內含兩個 which 子句。

另外,這三個主題都涉及有爭議的政治與歷史問題,我盡量採描述性寫法(如 Beijing argues、Taiwan's government maintains、many Taiwanese scholars read as、Beijing rejects),讓各方立場以各自的說法呈現。例句二的主題是「台灣自古以來並不屬於中國」,我把它寫成歷史學者與台灣學者的解讀,並附上北京的反駁,而不是直接當成定論。數字與年份(1971 年表決 76 比 35 比 17、1683、1885、1895、1965、約四分之三華裔)取自一般廣泛引用的資料,若要用於正式教材,建議再核對官方資料。

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