日本的成人影片產業 軌道交通與新幹線 光學科技 學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

丁連財學術型超複雜文法結構長難句破解示範

(日本的成人影片產業)(日本的軌道交通與新幹線)(日本的光學科技)

例句一(媒體社會學:日本的成人影片產業)

原句

Scholars of Japanese media who study the adult video industry, noting that although sexually explicit videos are sold openly in Japan, the obscenity provision of the Penal Code, which bans the distribution of obscene material, has led producers to pixelate genitals under a system of self-regulation enforced by review bodies, and that after reports of performers pressured into signing contracts, the Diet in 2022 passed a law giving performers the right to cancel agreements, argue that the industry, which expanded with home video in the 1980s, has endured less because society approves of it than because authorities tolerate it so long as it stays within narrow rules, an arrangement that critics say leaves performers vulnerable.

斷行排列

Scholars of Japanese media

 who study the adult video industry,

 noting that although sexually explicit videos are sold openly in Japan,

  the obscenity provision of the Penal Code,

   which bans the distribution of obscene material,

  has led producers to pixelate genitals

   under a system of self-regulation

   enforced by review bodies,

 and that after reports of performers

  pressured into signing contracts,

  the Diet in 2022 passed a law

   giving performers the right to cancel agreements,

argue

 that the industry,

  which expanded with home video in the 1980s,

 has endured

  less because society approves of it

  than because authorities tolerate it

   so long as it stays within narrow rules,

 an arrangement

  that critics say leaves performers vulnerable.

主句

Scholars argue that the industry has endured less because society approves of it than because authorities tolerate it.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

日本媒體研究學者提出主張。(主句)

這些學者研究成人影片產業。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)

雖然情色影片在日本公開販售。(although 讓步子句)

刑法的猥褻條款禁止散布猥褻物品。(第一個 that 子句主詞,which 非限定關係子句插入)

這使得製作業者對性器官打上馬賽克。(has led sb to do)

這是透過由審查機構執行的自律制度來進行。(under 片語,過去分詞片語 enforced by)

第二件事是,有報導指出演出者被迫簽約。(第二個 that 子句,與前者並列,過去分詞片語 pressured into)

國會於2022年通過一項法律。(主結構 passed a law)

這項法律賦予演出者解除契約的權利。(現在分詞片語 giving)

這個產業隨著1980年代的家用錄影帶而擴張。(which 非限定關係子句,插在主詞與動詞之間)

它得以延續,與其說是因為社會認可。(argue 的受詞 that 子句,less because... 比較結構)

不如說是因為當局容忍。(than because...)

只要它維持在狹窄的規則之內。(so long as 條件子句)

這是一種安排。(同位語 an arrangement)

批評者認為這種安排使演出者處境脆弱。(that 關係子句,內含 critics say 插入語,leave sb adj)

中譯

研究日本媒體的學者注意到,雖然情色影片在日本公開販售,刑法中禁止散布猥褻物品的猥褻條款,卻使製作業者在由審查機構執行的自律制度下,對性器官打上馬賽克,而且在有報導指出演出者被迫簽約之後,國會於2022年通過一項賦予演出者解除契約權利的法律,因而主張,這個產業,隨著1980年代的家用錄影帶而擴張,它得以延續,與其說是因為社會認可,不如說是因為當局只要它維持在狹窄的規則之內就予以容忍,批評者認為這種安排使演出者處境脆弱。

補充說明

日本刑法第175條處罰散布猥褻物品,業界以馬賽克作為實務上的界線,審查由業界自律組織負責,而非政府直接檢查。2022年通過的法律通稱「AV出演被害防止・救濟法」,內容包括契約書面化與演出者的解約權,細節與施行時程宜查法條原文。本例只從法律、產業與社會學角度陳述,原句不涉及內容描寫。

例句二(科技史:日本的軌道交通與新幹線)

原句

Historians of technology who study Japanese railways, noting that the Tokaido Shinkansen, which opened between Tokyo and Osaka in October 1964 just before the Tokyo Olympics and ran at speeds then unmatched by any commercial train, was built by Japanese National Railways, a state enterprise whose mounting debts led to its division into regional companies in 1987, and that commuter lines in Tokyo, where trains run with striking punctuality and carry millions of passengers a day, owe much of their efficiency to private railways that develop land and department stores around their stations, argue that Japan's rail system succeeds less because of any single technology than because planners treat track, stations, and urban development as parts of one system, an approach that other countries have tried to copy with uneven results.

斷行排列

Historians of technology

 who study Japanese railways,

 noting that the Tokaido Shinkansen,

  which opened between Tokyo and Osaka in October 1964

   just before the Tokyo Olympics

  and ran at speeds then unmatched by any commercial train,

 was built by Japanese National Railways,

  a state enterprise

   whose mounting debts led to its division into regional companies in 1987,

 and that commuter lines in Tokyo,

  where trains run with striking punctuality

   and carry millions of passengers a day,

 owe much of their efficiency to private railways

  that develop land and department stores around their stations,

argue

 that Japan's rail system succeeds

  less because of any single technology

  than because planners treat track, stations, and urban development

   as parts of one system,

 an approach

  that other countries have tried to copy

  with uneven results.

主句

Historians argue that Japan's rail system succeeds less because of any single technology than because planners treat track, stations, and urban development as parts of one system.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

科技史學者提出主張。(主句)

這些學者研究日本鐵路。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)

東海道新幹線由日本國有鐵道興建。(第一個 that 子句主結構,被動語態)

它於1964年10月在東京與大阪之間開通,正好在東京奧運之前。(which 非限定關係子句,插在主詞與動詞之間)

它的行駛速度當時沒有任何商業列車能比。(並列動詞 ran,過去分詞片語 unmatched by)

日本國有鐵道是國營事業。(同位語 a state enterprise)

它日益累積的債務導致它在1987年被分割為數家區域性公司。(whose 關係子句)

第二件事是,東京的通勤路線效率很高。(第二個 that 子句,與前者並列)

那裡的列車準點得驚人,每天載運數百萬乘客。(where 關係子句,兩個並列動詞 run 與 carry)

這種效率大半歸功於民營鐵路。(owe sth to sb)

這些民營鐵路在車站周邊開發土地與百貨公司。(that 關係子句)

日本的鐵路系統成功,與其說是因為任何單一技術。(argue 的受詞 that 子句,less because of... 比較結構)

不如說是因為規劃者把軌道、車站與都市開發視為同一個系統的各部分。(than because... 子句,treat A as B,三個並列受詞)

這是一種做法。(同位語 an approach)

其他國家曾試圖仿效,成果不一。(that 關係子句,現在完成式)

中譯

研究日本鐵路的科技史學者注意到,東海道新幹線,於1964年10月在東京與大阪之間開通,正好在東京奧運之前,行駛速度當時沒有任何商業列車能比,由日本國有鐵道興建,這是一家國營事業,其日益累積的債務導致它在1987年被分割為數家區域性公司,而東京的通勤路線,那裡的列車準點得驚人,每天載運數百萬乘客,其效率大半歸功於在車站周邊開發土地與百貨公司的民營鐵路,因而主張,日本的鐵路系統之所以成功,與其說是因為任何單一技術,不如說是因為規劃者把軌道、車站與都市開發視為同一個系統的各部分,其他國家曾試圖仿效這種做法,成果不一。

補充說明

東海道新幹線於1964年10月1日開通,當時最高時速約210公里。1987年國鐵民營化,分割為JR北海道、JR東日本、JR東海、JR西日本、JR四國、JR九州六家客運公司與一家貨運公司。以鐵路為核心開發沿線地產與百貨的模式,常被追溯到阪急電鐵創辦人小林一三。數字與年份宜再查專書核對。

例句三(產業史:日本的光學科技)

原句

Historians of industry who study Japanese optical technology, noting that firms such as Nikon, which began in 1917 as a maker of lenses and instruments for the military, and Canon, which started in 1933 as a camera maker, rose after the Second World War, when Western reviewers, who had dismissed Japanese products as cheap imitations, praised their lenses during the Korean War, and that today Japanese companies, though smartphones have displaced most consumer cameras, still supply precision lenses, medical endoscopes, and the optical components used in semiconductor manufacturing, argue that the industry's success depended less on cheap labor than on skills in precision grinding and engineering accumulated in earlier military production, a legacy that explains why Japanese firms still lead in high-precision optics.

斷行排列

Historians of industry

 who study Japanese optical technology,

 noting that firms such as Nikon,

  which began in 1917 as a maker of lenses and instruments

   for the military,

 and Canon,

  which started in 1933 as a camera maker,

 rose after the Second World War,

  when Western reviewers,

   who had dismissed Japanese products as cheap imitations,

  praised their lenses during the Korean War,

 and that today Japanese companies,

  though smartphones have displaced most consumer cameras,

 still supply precision lenses, medical endoscopes,

  and the optical components

   used in semiconductor manufacturing,

argue

 that the industry's success depended

  less on cheap labor

  than on skills in precision grinding and engineering

   accumulated in earlier military production,

 a legacy

  that explains why Japanese firms still lead in high-precision optics.

主句

Historians argue that the industry's success depended less on cheap labor than on skills in precision grinding and engineering.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

產業史學者提出主張。(主句)

這些學者研究日本光學科技。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)

尼康與佳能等企業在二戰後崛起。(第一個 that 子句,兩個主詞並列,動詞 rose)

尼康1917年起家,製造軍用的鏡頭與儀器。(which 非限定關係子句,插在主詞之間)

佳能1933年起步,是相機製造商。(which 非限定關係子句,與前者並列)

當時西方評論者曾貶低日本產品為廉價仿冒品。(when 子句內的 who 關係子句,過去完成式)

他們卻在韓戰期間稱讚日本鏡頭。(when 子句主結構 praised)

第二件事是,今天日本企業仍供應精密鏡頭、醫療內視鏡與半導體製造所用的光學元件。(第二個 that 子句,與前者並列,過去分詞片語 used in)

儘管智慧型手機已取代大部分消費型相機。(though 讓步子句,現在完成式)

日本光學產業的成功,與其說是仰賴廉價勞力。(argue 的受詞 that 子句,less on... 比較結構)

不如說是仰賴精密研磨與工程方面的技術。(than on...)

這些技術累積自先前的軍事生產。(過去分詞片語 accumulated in)

這是一種遺產。(同位語 a legacy)

它解釋了日本企業為何仍領先高精密光學領域。(that 關係子句,內含 why 名詞子句)

中譯

研究日本光學科技的產業史學者注意到,尼康,1917年起家,製造軍用的鏡頭與儀器,與佳能,1933年起步,是相機製造商,在二戰後崛起,當時曾貶低日本產品為廉價仿冒品的西方評論者,在韓戰期間稱讚日本鏡頭,而且今天日本企業,儘管智慧型手機已取代大部分消費型相機,仍供應精密鏡頭、醫療內視鏡與半導體製造所用的光學元件,因而主張,這個產業的成功,與其說是仰賴廉價勞力,不如說是仰賴累積自先前軍事生產的精密研磨與工程技術,這份遺產解釋了日本企業為何仍領先高精密光學領域。

補充說明

尼康前身為1917年成立的日本光學工業,早期與海軍關係密切;佳能前身為1933年成立的精機光學研究所。1950年韓戰期間,隨軍攝影記者對尼康鏡頭的稱讚,常被視為日本相機在西方打開知名度的轉折。內視鏡領域由奧林巴斯等日本企業長期居領先地位,但半導體曝光設備目前以荷蘭ASML為主導,日本企業主要在光學元件、光罩與材料等環節。市占與年份宜再查專書或產業報告。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的主詞 Scholars of Japanese media 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語,片語內第一個 that 子句,先以 although 讓步子句開頭,主詞 the obscenity provision 與動詞 has led 之間插入 which 子句,動詞後接 under 片語與過去分詞 enforced by;第二個 that 子句,以 after 片語帶出過去分詞 pressured into,才接主詞 the Diet,結尾現在分詞 giving 再帶出受詞。動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現。argue 之後,the industry 與 has endured 之間被 which 子句隔開,less because... than because... 比較結構之內還藏著 so long as 條件子句,句尾同位語 an arrangement 再帶出內含 critics say 插入語的 that 子句。

例句二的主詞 Historians of technology 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語,片語內第一個 that 子句,主詞 the Tokaido Shinkansen 與動詞 was built 之間,插入內含兩個並列動詞 opened 與 ran 的 which 子句,動詞之後同位語 a state enterprise 再帶出 whose 子句;第二個 that 子句,主詞 commuter lines 與動詞 owe 之間插入 where 子句,內含兩個並列動詞 run 與 carry。動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現。argue 之後,less because of... than because... 比較結構內有 treat A as B 與三個並列受詞,句尾同位語 an approach 再帶出 that 關係子句,閱讀時要把關係代名詞在受詞位置的功能補上。

例句三的主詞 Historians of industry 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語,片語內第一個 that 子句,有兩個主詞 Nikon 與 Canon,各自帶著 which 子句,才接動詞 rose,之後 when 子句內又套 who 子句;第二個 that 子句,主詞 Japanese companies 與動詞 supply 之間插入 though 讓步子句,受詞三者並列,最後一個受詞又帶過去分詞片語 used in。動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現。argue 之後,less on... than on... 比較結構內有過去分詞 accumulated in,句尾同位語 a legacy 再帶出內含 why 名詞子句的 that 關係子句。

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