中國汪精衛南京政權 法國貝當維琪政權 戰時的通敵與反抗 三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

例句一(中日戰爭史:汪精衛南京政府)

原句

Historians of wartime China who study the Nanjing government of Wang Jingwei, noting that after leaving Chongqing in December 1938 Wang, supported by officials who believed that further resistance would only destroy the cities of the coast, established in March 1940 a "National Government" whose authority depended on Japanese garrisons, and that the treaty it signed with Japan in November 1940 granted Tokyo troops, advisers, and economic privileges, contend that the regime, which Chongqing condemned as treasonous and which collapsed when Japan surrendered in 1945, cannot be explained by its leader's ambition alone, since its officials, who called their policy "peace," held almost no power independent of their patron, while many of them, once the war ended, were tried as traitors.

斷行排列

Historians of wartime China

 who study the Nanjing government of Wang Jingwei,

 noting that after leaving Chongqing in December 1938

  Wang,

   supported by officials

    who believed that further resistance would only destroy the cities of the coast,

  established in March 1940 a "National Government"

   whose authority depended on Japanese garrisons,

 and that the treaty

  it signed with Japan in November 1940

  granted Tokyo troops, advisers, and economic privileges,

contend

 that the regime,

  which Chongqing condemned as treasonous

  and which collapsed when Japan surrendered in 1945,

 cannot be explained by its leader's ambition alone,

  since its officials,

   who called their policy "peace,"

  held almost no power independent of their patron,

  while many of them,

   once the war ended,

  were tried as traitors.

主句

Historians contend that the regime cannot be explained by its leader's ambition alone.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 contend 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

戰時中國史學者提出主張。(主句)

這些學者研究汪精衛的南京政府。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)

1938年12月離開重慶之後,汪精衛成立了「國民政府」。(第一個 that 子句,主詞與動詞之間被插入語隔開)

他得到一些官員的支持。(過去分詞片語 supported by)

這些官員相信,繼續抵抗只會摧毀沿海城市。(who 關係子句,內含 believed that 子句)

這個政府成立於1940年3月。(established in March 1940)

它的權威仰賴日軍駐防。(whose 關係子句)

它與日本在1940年11月簽訂的條約,給了東京軍隊、顧問與經濟特權。(第二個 that 子句,與前者並列,省略關係詞的 the treaty it signed)

這個政權被重慶斥為叛國。(which 非限定關係子句)

它在1945年日本投降時瓦解。(第二個 which 子句,與前者並列)

這個政權不能只用其領導人的野心來解釋。(contend 的受詞 that 子句主結構,被動語態)

因為其官員稱自己的政策為「和平」。(since 子句,who 關係子句)

這些官員幾乎沒有獨立於其靠山的權力。(since 子句的主結構)

而其中許多人在戰爭結束後被當作叛國者審判。(while 子句,once 子句插在主詞與動詞之間)

中譯

研究戰時中國史的學者注意到,汪精衛於1938年12月離開重慶之後,在一些相信繼續抵抗只會摧毀沿海城市的官員支持下,於1940年3月成立了權威仰賴日軍駐防的「國民政府」,而它於1940年11月與日本簽訂的條約,給了東京軍隊、顧問與經濟特權,因而主張,這個被重慶斥為叛國、並在1945年日本投降時瓦解的政權,不能只用其領導人的野心來解釋,因為稱自己的政策為「和平」的官員,幾乎沒有獨立於其靠山的權力,而其中許多人在戰爭結束後被當作叛國者審判。

補充說明

汪精衛本人於1944年11月病逝於日本名古屋,並未受審;戰後受審的是陳公博等人,中文稱「漢奸審判」。官員的動機有「和平運動」的自我說明,也有個人利益,學界看法不一。原句只是陳述史學界的一般論述,不為任何人辯護。

例句二(法國史:貝當維琪政府)

原句

Historians of modern France who study the Vichy regime, noting that after the defeat of June 1940 the National Assembly, meeting in the spa town of Vichy, voted full powers to Marshal Pétain, a hero of Verdun who promised to shield the French from further suffering, and that his government, which signed an armistice dividing the country, soon adopted anti-Jewish statutes without German demand and later aided German deportations, argue that the regime, which Pétain presented as a "National Revolution" and which fell when the Allies liberated France in 1944, was no mere puppet of Berlin, since its leaders, who hoped to secure a place in a German-dominated Europe, pursued their own conservative program, while the Germans, needing French police and administrators, found their cooperation useful.

斷行排列

Historians of modern France

 who study the Vichy regime,

 noting that after the defeat of June 1940

  the National Assembly,

   meeting in the spa town of Vichy,

  voted full powers to Marshal Pétain,

   a hero of Verdun

    who promised to shield the French from further suffering,

 and that his government,

  which signed an armistice dividing the country,

  soon adopted anti-Jewish statutes without German demand

  and later aided German deportations,

argue

 that the regime,

  which Pétain presented as a "National Revolution"

  and which fell when the Allies liberated France in 1944,

 was no mere puppet of Berlin,

  since its leaders,

   who hoped to secure a place in a German-dominated Europe,

  pursued their own conservative program,

  while the Germans,

   needing French police and administrators,

  found their cooperation useful.

主句

Historians argue that the regime was no mere puppet of Berlin.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

近代法國史學者提出主張。(主句)

這些學者研究維琪政權。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)

1940年6月戰敗之後,國民議會授予貝當元帥全權。(第一個 that 子句,主詞與動詞之間被插入語隔開)

國民議會在溫泉小鎮維琪集會。(meeting,現在分詞片語)

貝當是凡爾登之役的英雄。(同位語 a hero of Verdun)

他承諾保護法國人免於更多苦難。(who 關係子句)

他的政府簽署了分割全國的停戰協定。(第二個 that 子句,與前者並列,which 非限定關係子句,現在分詞片語 dividing)

這個政府不久就在德國沒有要求下通過反猶太法規。(soon adopted,without 片語)

它後來還協助德國遣送猶太人。(與前一動詞並列,later aided)

這個政權不只是柏林的傀儡。(argue 的受詞 that 子句主結構,no mere 否定結構)

貝當把它宣傳為「國民革命」。(which 非限定關係子句)

它在1944年盟軍解放法國時垮台。(第二個 which 子句,與前者並列)

因為其領導人希望在德國主導的歐洲取得一席之地。(since 子句,who 關係子句)

這些領導人推行自己的保守主義方案。(since 子句的主結構)

而德國人需要法國警察與行政人員。(while 子句,現在分詞片語 needing)

他們覺得法國人的合作有用。(while 子句的主結構)

中譯

研究近代法國史的學者注意到,1940年6月戰敗之後,在溫泉小鎮維琪集會的國民議會,授予凡爾登之役的英雄、承諾保護法國人免於更多苦難的貝當元帥全權,而他簽署了分割全國的停戰協定的政府,不久就在德國沒有要求下通過反猶太法規,後來還協助德國遣送猶太人,因而主張,這個被貝當宣傳為「國民革命」、並在1944年盟軍解放法國時垮台的政權,不只是柏林的傀儡,因為希望在德國主導的歐洲取得一席之地的領導人,推行自己的保守主義方案,而德國人需要法國警察與行政人員,覺得他們的合作有用。

補充說明

維琪政府是經國民議會依程序授權而成立的,這一點與汪政權不同。貝當戰後被判死刑,後改為終身監禁,1951年病逝。「德國沒有要求」這一點,主要源自美國史家 Robert Paxton 的研究,法國學界對各項細節仍有討論,遣送人數等數字宜另查專書。

例句三(比較史:通敵與反抗)

原句

Historians of occupied Europe and Asia who study collaboration and resistance, noting that in France and in China alike regimes working with an occupying power claimed to protect their people, while rival authorities beyond the occupier's reach, such as the Free French and the Nationalist government in Chongqing, claimed to represent the nation's true will, and that after liberation the victors punished collaborators through trials, purges, and, in France, sometimes summary executions, maintain that the two words, which postwar governments used to divide citizens into traitors and patriots, and which memory later made simpler than wartime reality, cannot describe the many who survived by working, waiting, or staying silent, since the same person might obey an occupier's rules by day and shelter a fugitive by night, while the choices open to officials, workers, and peasants varied with hunger, fear, and distance from the front.

斷行排列

Historians of occupied Europe and Asia

 who study collaboration and resistance,

 noting that in France and in China alike

  regimes working with an occupying power

  claimed to protect their people,

  while rival authorities beyond the occupier's reach,

   such as the Free French and the Nationalist government in Chongqing,

  claimed to represent the nation's true will,

 and that after liberation

  the victors punished collaborators

   through trials, purges, and, in France, sometimes summary executions,

maintain

 that the two words,

  which postwar governments used to divide citizens into traitors and patriots,

  and which memory later made simpler than wartime reality,

 cannot describe the many

  who survived by working, waiting, or staying silent,

  since the same person

   might obey an occupier's rules by day

   and shelter a fugitive by night,

  while the choices

   open to officials, workers, and peasants

  varied with hunger, fear, and distance from the front.

主句

Historians maintain that the two words cannot describe the many who survived by working, waiting, or staying silent.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 maintain 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

占領區史學者堅持一種看法。(主句)

這些學者研究通敵與反抗。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)

在法國與中國同樣如此,與占領國合作的政權宣稱保護其人民。(第一個 that 子句,working with 現在分詞片語)

而在占領者勢力範圍之外的對立權威,宣稱代表國家的真正意志。(while 子句,主詞與動詞之間被 such as 插入語隔開)

這些對立權威包括自由法國與重慶的國民政府。(such as 插入語)

解放之後,勝利者以審判、肅清,以及在法國有時是即決處決來懲罰通敵者。(第二個 that 子句,與前者並列,三個並列受詞,in France 插入語)

這兩個詞不能描述那些許多人。(maintain 的受詞 that 子句主結構)

戰後各國政府用這兩個詞把公民分成叛徒與愛國者。(which 非限定關係子句)

記憶後來又讓這兩個詞比戰時現實更簡單。(第二個 which 子句,與前者並列)

那些許多人是靠工作、等待或保持沉默而活下來的。(who 關係子句,三個並列動名詞)

因為同一個人可能白天遵守占領者的規定,夜裡卻庇護逃亡者。(since 子句,兩個並列動詞片語)

而官員、工人與農民的選擇,隨飢餓、恐懼與離前線的距離而不同。(while 子句,過去分詞片語 open to 後置修飾)

中譯

研究占領區歷史的學者注意到,在法國與中國同樣如此,與占領國合作的政權宣稱保護其人民,而在占領者勢力範圍之外的對立權威,例如自由法國與重慶的國民政府,則宣稱代表國家的真正意志,而且解放之後,勝利者以審判、肅清,以及在法國有時是即決處決來懲罰通敵者,因而堅持,這兩個被戰後政府用來把公民分成叛徒與愛國者、又被記憶後來弄得比戰時現實更簡單的詞,不能描述那些靠工作、等待或保持沉默而活下來的許多人,因為同一個人可能白天遵守占領者的規定,夜裡卻庇護逃亡者,而官員、工人與農民的選擇,隨飢餓、恐懼與離前線的距離而不同。

補充說明

法文 collaboration 本來只是「合作」,戰後才帶有「通敵」的貶義。法國戰後長期流行「全民抵抗」的敘事,史家 Henry Rousso 稱之為「抵抗主義」,1970年代起才被修正。三個比較對象的細節差異很大,原句只作概括性陳述。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的主詞 Historians of wartime China 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語。片語內第一個 that 子句,主詞 Wang 與動詞 established 之間,被 supported 片語(內含 who 子句與 believed that 子句)隔開,第二個 that 子句有省略關係詞的 the treaty it signed。動詞 contend 要等到很後面才出現。contend 之後,the regime 與動詞 cannot be explained 之間,被兩個以 and 並列的 which 子句隔開,句尾 since 與 while 子句還各帶出 who 子句與 once 子句。

例句二的主詞 Historians of modern France 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語。片語內第一個 that 子句,主詞 the National Assembly 與動詞 voted 之間,插入 meeting 片語,句中又以 Marshal Pétain 帶出同位語 a hero of Verdun 與 who 子句。第二個 that 子句,主詞 government 與動詞 adopted 之間,插入 which 子句,內含現在分詞 dividing。動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現。argue 之後,兩個並列的 which 子句,與 since、while 子句層層堆疊,while 子句裡 the Germans 與 found 之間,被 needing 片語隔開。

例句三的主詞 Historians of occupied Europe and Asia 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語。片語內第一個 that 子句,主詞 regimes 之後有 working 片語,while 子句的主詞 rival authorities 與動詞 claimed 之間,被 such as 插入語隔開,第二個 that 子句與前者以 and 並列。動詞 maintain 要等到很後面才出現。maintain 之後,the two words 與動詞 cannot describe 之間,被兩個並列的 which 子句隔開;the many who survived 是以 the + 形容詞當名詞,後面再接 who 子句;since 子句裡 might obey 與 shelter 兩個動詞並列。

另外,三句雖然都談戰時與占領者的關係,但性質並不相同:汪政權在占領軍支配下成立,維琪政府由合法程序授權卻處在德國壓力下,例句三則點出兩個標籤無法涵蓋多數人的處境,三句只是陳述史學界的一般論述,不對任何個人作價值判斷。人數、年份與審判結果等細節,宜另查專書確認。

需要的話,我可以把整篇存成 Word 或 PDF 檔。

留言

這個網誌中的熱門文章

古代三大陸 58個英文字一句話 學術型超複雜文法結構長難句 說明古代三大陸由來

緬甸古都曼德勒故宮 63個英文字一句話 學術型超複雜文法結構長難句

英格蘭大憲章 54個英文字一句話 學術型超複雜文法結構長難句 說明美國要有成文憲法的原因