無神論、泛神論、萬物有靈論 三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範
無神論、泛神論、萬物有靈論 三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範
例句一(無神論)
原句
Atheism, which in its broadest sense denotes the absence of belief in any deity and which should be distinguished from agnosticism, the view that the existence of God can be neither known nor disproved, is held by a minority of the world's population, a minority that sociologists, noting that it is concentrated in parts of Europe and East Asia and has grown where economic security and secular institutions are strong, study closely and that critics of atheism, who often assume that morality requires belief in God, portray as lacking a moral foundation, although atheists, who point to ethical traditions grounded in reason and compassion, reject that charge.
斷行排列
Atheism,
which in its broadest sense denotes the absence of belief in any deity
and which should be distinguished from agnosticism,
the view
that the existence of God can be neither known nor disproved,
is held by a minority of the world's population,
a minority
that sociologists,
noting that it is concentrated in parts of Europe and East Asia
and has grown where economic security and secular institutions are strong,
study closely
and that critics of atheism,
who often assume that morality requires belief in God,
portray as lacking a moral foundation,
although atheists,
who point to ethical traditions
grounded in reason and compassion,
reject that charge.
主句
Atheism is held by a minority of the world's population.(主詞後先接兩個並列的 which 子句,第二個內含同位語與 that 同位語子句,動詞 is held 要讀很久才出現)
拆成短句
無神論為世界上少數人口所持有。(主句,被動語態)
廣義而言,無神論指不相信任何神明。(which 關係子句,denotes)
無神論應與不可知論區分。(and which 並列,should be distinguished from)
不可知論主張上帝是否存在既無法知道也無法證明為假。(同位語 the view,that 同位語子句,neither...nor)
這個少數群體是一項同位語。(a minority)
社會學者仔細研究這個群體。(that 子句,sociologists 為主詞,動詞 study)
社會學者注意到它集中在歐洲與東亞部分地區。(noting,現在分詞片語,插在 sociologists 與 study 之間)
他們也注意到它在經濟安全與世俗制度穩固之處成長。(and has grown,where 子句)
批評無神論的人則把這個群體描繪為缺乏道德基礎。(and that 並列,critics 為主詞,動詞 portray as)
這些批評者常假定道德需要對上帝的信仰。(who 關係子句,插在 critics 與 portray 之間)
然而無神論者否認這項指控。(although 子句,atheists 為主詞,動詞 reject)
無神論者指出建立在理性與同情之上的倫理傳統。(who 關係子句,過去分詞片語 grounded in)
參考翻譯
廣義而言,無神論指不相信任何神明,應與主張上帝是否存在既無法知道也無法證明為假的不可知論區分,它為世界上少數人口所持有,社會學者注意到這個少數群體集中在歐洲與東亞部分地區,且在經濟安全與世俗制度穩固之處成長,因而仔細研究,而常假定道德需要對上帝信仰的批評者,則把這個群體描繪為缺乏道德基礎,然而無神論者指出建立在理性與同情之上的倫理傳統,否認這項指控。
例句二(泛神論)
原句
Pantheism, which holds that God is identical with the universe and its natural laws rather than a personal being standing outside creation, and which found its most influential statement in the philosophy of Baruch Spinoza, a thinker whom the Jewish community of Amsterdam expelled in 1656 for views it judged heretical, appeals to many people who feel awe before nature, a sentiment that theologians, who object that a God identical with everything cannot be worshipped or addressed in prayer, dismiss as atheism by another name, although defenders, noting that it need not deny the sacredness of the world, reply that reverence does not require a personal deity.
斷行排列
Pantheism,
which holds that God is identical with the universe and its natural laws
rather than a personal being
standing outside creation,
and which found its most influential statement in the philosophy of Baruch Spinoza,
a thinker
whom the Jewish community of Amsterdam expelled in 1656
for views it judged heretical,
appeals to many people
who feel awe before nature,
a sentiment
that theologians,
who object that a God identical with everything
cannot be worshipped or addressed in prayer,
dismiss as atheism by another name,
although defenders,
noting that it need not deny the sacredness of the world,
reply that reverence does not require a personal deity.
主句
Pantheism appeals to many people who feel awe before nature.(主詞後先接兩個並列的 which 子句,內含 rather than 片語、現在分詞片語與 whom 子句,動詞 appeals 要讀很久才出現)
拆成短句
泛神論吸引許多對自然懷有敬畏的人。(主句,who 關係子句)
泛神論主張上帝等同於宇宙及其自然法則。(which 關係子句,holds that,be identical with)
而不是站在創造之外的位格神。(rather than 片語,現在分詞片語 standing outside)
泛神論最有影響力的表述見於斯賓諾莎的哲學。(and which 並列,found...in)
斯賓諾莎是一位思想家。(同位語 a thinker)
阿姆斯特丹的猶太社群在 1656 年驅逐了他。(whom 關係子句,expelled)
理由是他的觀點被判定為異端。(for 片語,省略關係詞的 it judged heretical)
這種敬畏是一種情感。(同位語 a sentiment)
神學家斥之為換個名字的無神論。(that 子句,theologians 為主詞,動詞 dismiss as)
神學家反對,指出等同於一切的上帝無法被崇拜,也無法在祈禱中被呼求。(who 關係子句,object that,被動語態並列)
然而辯護者回答說,敬畏並不需要位格神。(although 子句,defenders 為主詞,動詞 reply that)
辯護者注意到泛神論不必否認世界的神聖性。(noting,現在分詞片語,need not deny)
參考翻譯
泛神論主張上帝等同於宇宙及其自然法則,而不是站在創造之外的位格神,最有影響力的表述見於斯賓諾莎的哲學,他因觀點被判定為異端,在 1656 年被阿姆斯特丹的猶太社群驅逐,泛神論吸引許多對自然懷有敬畏的人,神學家反對等同於一切的上帝無法被崇拜或在祈禱中被呼求,斥這種情感為換個名字的無神論,然而辯護者注意到泛神論不必否認世界的神聖性,回答說敬畏並不需要位格神。
例句三(萬物有靈論)
原句
Animism, which Edward Tylor, the Victorian anthropologist, defined in 1871 as the belief that animals, plants, rivers, and even stones possess spirits, and which many scholars, who now prefer to describe relationships in which humans and non-humans are persons together, regard as too crude a label for the varied traditions it covers, survives among many Indigenous peoples in the Arctic, the Amazon, and Southeast Asia, a persistence that missionaries, who once dismissed it as primitive superstition, failed to end, and that ecologists, noting that animist norms of respect often restrain hunting and protect sacred groves, now study as a possible source of conservation practice.
斷行排列
Animism,
which Edward Tylor,
the Victorian anthropologist,
defined in 1871
as the belief
that animals, plants, rivers, and even stones possess spirits,
and which many scholars,
who now prefer to describe relationships
in which humans and non-humans are persons together,
regard as too crude a label
for the varied traditions it covers,
survives among many Indigenous peoples
in the Arctic, the Amazon, and Southeast Asia,
a persistence
that missionaries,
who once dismissed it as primitive superstition,
failed to end,
and that ecologists,
noting that animist norms of respect often restrain hunting and protect sacred groves,
now study as a possible source of conservation practice.
主句
Animism survives among many Indigenous peoples.(主詞後先接兩個並列的 which 子句,第一個內含同位語與 that 同位語子句,第二個內含 who 子句與 in which 子句,動詞 survives 要讀很久才出現)
拆成短句
萬物有靈論仍存續於許多原住民族之中。(主句,survives among)
這些民族分布在北極、亞馬遜與東南亞。(in 片語,三個並列地名)
泰勒在 1871 年把它定義為一種信念。(which 關係子句,which 為 defined 的受詞前置)
泰勒是維多利亞時代的人類學者。(同位語 the Victorian anthropologist)
這項信念是動物、植物、河流甚至石頭都有靈魂。(as 片語,that 同位語子句,四個並列名詞)
許多學者認為這個標籤對它涵蓋的各種傳統而言太粗糙。(and which 並列,scholars 為主詞,動詞 regard as)
這些學者如今偏好描述一種關係。(who 關係子句,prefer to describe,插在 scholars 與 regard 之間)
在這種關係中,人類與非人類共同是人格者。(in which 子句)
這是一種存續。(同位語 a persistence)
傳教士未能終結它。(that 子句,missionaries 為主詞,動詞 failed to end)
傳教士曾斥它為原始迷信。(who 關係子句,once dismissed...as)
生態學者如今把它當作可能的保育實踐來源來研究。(and that 並列,ecologists 為主詞,動詞 study as)
生態學者注意到萬物有靈論的尊重規範常限制狩獵並保護聖林。(noting,現在分詞片語,兩個並列動詞)
參考翻譯
萬物有靈論由維多利亞時代的人類學者泰勒在 1871 年定義為動物、植物、河流甚至石頭都有靈魂的信念,如今偏好描述人類與非人類共同是人格者之關係的許多學者,認為這個標籤對它涵蓋的各種傳統而言太粗糙,它仍存續於北極、亞馬遜與東南亞的許多原住民族之中,曾斥它為原始迷信的傳教士未能終結這種存續,而生態學者注意到萬物有靈論的尊重規範常限制狩獵並保護聖林,如今把它當作可能的保育實踐來源來研究。
三句的共同提醒
例句一的主詞 Atheism 後面先接兩個以 and 並列的 which 子句,第二個內含同位語 the view 與 that 同位語子句,動詞 is held 要讀很久才出現。句尾 a minority 是同位語,其兩個以 and 並列的 that 子句中:前者 sociologists 與 study 之間插了 noting 片語,內含兩個並列動詞 is concentrated 與 has grown,後者 critics 與 portray 之間插了 who 子句,之後以 although 子句收束,atheists 與 reject 之間插了 who 子句。
例句二的主詞 Pantheism 後面先接兩個以 and 並列的 which 子句,第一個內含 rather than 片語與現在分詞片語,第二個內含同位語 a thinker 與 whom 子句,動詞 appeals 要讀很久才出現。句尾 a sentiment 是同位語,其 that 子句中,theologians 與 dismiss 之間插了 who 子句,內含 that 同位語子句,之後以 although 子句收束,defenders 與 reply 之間插了 noting 片語。
例句三的主詞 Animism 後面先接兩個以 and 並列的 which 子句,兩個子句的受詞 which 都前置於主語之前:第一個的 Tylor 與 defined 之間插了同位語 the Victorian anthropologist,第二個的 scholars 與 regard 之間插了 who 子句,內含 in which 子句,動詞 survives 要讀很久才出現。句尾 a persistence 是同位語,其兩個以 and 並列的 that 子句中,missionaries 與 failed 之間插了 who 子句,ecologists 與 study 之間插了 noting 片語。
另外,這三句涉及宗教與哲學立場,我採描述性寫法並呈現正反雙方的論點,不代表我的立場。若要用於正式教材,建議再核對下列細節:
無神論的定義有廣義(缺乏信神)與狹義(主張神不存在)之分;「集中在歐洲與東亞部分地區」是概括說法,各國調查結果差異大,「經濟安全與世俗制度穩固之處成長」是社會學者的常見假說,並非定論;中國的無宗教人口占比很高,與此說法並不完全衝突,但要分開看。
斯賓諾莎於 1656 年被阿姆斯特丹葡萄牙裔猶太社群處以「赫倫」(逐出教門);「泛神論」(pantheism) 一詞要到 1705 年才由托蘭德 (John Toland) 創造,所以說斯賓諾莎是泛神論的最有影響力表述者,是後人的歸類,他本人並未用這個詞,也有學者主張他的立場更接近「泛在神論」或自然主義。
泰勒在《原始文化》(1871) 提出萬物有靈論作為宗教的最小定義,其範圍是「靈性存有」,並不限於動植物與石頭;「關係本體論」的偏好指當代人類學的「本體論轉向」(如 Philippe Descola、Eduardo Viveiros de Castro、Tim Ingold 等人),並非所有學者都採這種觀點。
「尊重規範限制狩獵、保護聖林」的生態研究結果各地不一,不宜視為普遍規律;「原住民族」的分布地名為舉例,並非完整清單。
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