哲學神學家康德 日本明治維新 中國官場的貪腐與反貪腐 三個學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

例句一(思想史:哲學神學家康德)

原句

Scholars of Enlightenment thought who study Immanuel Kant, noting that in the Critique of Pure Reason of 1781 he, raised in a Pietist household in Königsberg, argued that the traditional proofs of God's existence, which theologians had long treated as secure, exceeded the limits of human knowledge, and that in the Critique of Practical Reason of 1788 he, treating the moral law as a fact of reason, restored belief in God, freedom, and immortality as postulates of practical life, contend that the philosopher, whom pious critics denounced as a destroyer of faith and whom the Prussian king rebuked in 1794 for his book on religion, cannot be called either an atheist or a conventional defender of doctrine, since his God, who was required to join virtue with happiness, rested on moral necessity rather than revelation, while the church, which he understood as an ethical community, mattered less for its creeds than for its power to improve people.

斷行排列

Scholars of Enlightenment thought

 who study Immanuel Kant,

 noting that in the Critique of Pure Reason of 1781

  he,

   raised in a Pietist household in Königsberg,

  argued that the traditional proofs of God's existence,

   which theologians had long treated as secure,

  exceeded the limits of human knowledge,

 and that in the Critique of Practical Reason of 1788

  he,

   treating the moral law as a fact of reason,

  restored belief in God, freedom, and immortality

   as postulates of practical life,

contend

 that the philosopher,

  whom pious critics denounced as a destroyer of faith

  and whom the Prussian king rebuked in 1794 for his book on religion,

 cannot be called either an atheist or a conventional defender of doctrine,

  since his God,

   who was required to join virtue with happiness,

  rested on moral necessity rather than revelation,

  while the church,

   which he understood as an ethical community,

  mattered less for its creeds than for its power to improve people.

主句

Scholars contend that the philosopher cannot be called either an atheist or a conventional defender of doctrine.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 contend 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

啟蒙思想研究者提出主張。(主句)

這些學者研究康德。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)

1781年的《純粹理性批判》中,康德論證傳統的上帝存在證明超出人類知識的界限。(第一個 that 子句,主詞 he 與動詞 argued 之間被插入語隔開)

他在柯尼斯堡的虔敬派家庭中長大。(過去分詞片語 raised)

神學家長期視這些證明為穩固可靠。(which 非限定關係子句,過去完成式)

1788年的《實踐理性批判》中,他恢復了對上帝、自由與靈魂不朽的信仰。(第二個 that 子句,與前者並列)

他把道德律視為理性的事實。(現在分詞片語 treating)

這三者是實踐生活的設準。(as 片語,三個並列受詞)

這位哲學家不能被稱為無神論者,也不能被稱為傳統教義的辯護者。(contend 的受詞 that 子句主結構,either...or 並列)

虔誠的批評者斥責他是信仰的破壞者。(whom 關係子句)

普魯士國王在1794年因他論宗教的著作而譴責他。(第二個 whom 子句,與前者並列)

因為他的上帝建立在道德必然性上,而非啟示上。(since 子句主結構,rather than)

這位上帝是為了使德行與幸福結合而被需要的。(who 關係子句,被動語態)

而教會對他而言,重要的是改善人的力量,不是信條。(while 子句,less...than 比較結構)

他把教會理解為倫理共同體。(which 關係子句)

中譯

研究啟蒙思想的學者注意到,在1781年的《純粹理性批判》中,在柯尼斯堡虔敬派家庭長大的康德論證,神學家長期視為穩固可靠的傳統上帝存在證明,超出了人類知識的界限,而在1788年的《實踐理性批判》中,他把道德律視為理性的事實,恢復了對上帝、自由與靈魂不朽的信仰,視之為實踐生活的設準,因而主張,這位被虔誠批評者斥為信仰破壞者、又在1794年因論宗教的著作而被普魯士國王譴責的哲學家,不能被稱為無神論者,也不能被稱為傳統教義的辯護者,因為他的上帝是為了使德行與幸福結合而被需要的,建立在道德必然性而非啟示上,而被他理解為倫理共同體的教會,重要的不是信條,而是改善人的力量。

補充說明

康德是哲學家,嚴格說不是職業神學家,「哲學神學家」是就其對神學問題的深遠影響而言。《純粹理性批判》有名的說法是為信仰騰出空間。1793年出版《單純理性界限內的宗教》,1794年受到王室申斥,康德並承諾不再公開談論宗教。學界對他究竟更接近理性神學還是基督教的批判者,看法不一,原句只是概括性陳述。

例句二(日本史:明治維新)

原句

Historians of modern Japan who study the Meiji Restoration, noting that after Commodore Perry's arrival in 1853 exposed the weakness of the Tokugawa shogunate, which had signed unequal treaties with Western powers, samurai from Satsuma and Chōshū, allied against the shogunate, proclaimed in January 1868 the restoration of imperial rule, and that the new government, which abolished the domains in 1871, replaced hereditary samurai privileges with a conscript army and sent officials abroad to study Western institutions, argue that the transformation, which its leaders described as a return to the emperor's direct rule and which produced a constitution in 1889, was less a sudden revolution than a reorganization of power from above, since the men, who had overthrown the old order in the name of the emperor, kept the throne as the source of their legitimacy, while the former samurai, whose stipends were ended in the 1870s, lost the status that had once defined them.

斷行排列

Historians of modern Japan

 who study the Meiji Restoration,

 noting that after Commodore Perry's arrival in 1853

  exposed the weakness of the Tokugawa shogunate,

   which had signed unequal treaties with Western powers,

  samurai from Satsuma and Chōshū,

   allied against the shogunate,

  proclaimed in January 1868 the restoration of imperial rule,

 and that the new government,

  which abolished the domains in 1871,

  replaced hereditary samurai privileges with a conscript army

  and sent officials abroad to study Western institutions,

argue

 that the transformation,

  which its leaders described as a return to the emperor's direct rule

  and which produced a constitution in 1889,

 was less a sudden revolution than a reorganization of power from above,

  since the men,

   who had overthrown the old order in the name of the emperor,

  kept the throne as the source of their legitimacy,

  while the former samurai,

   whose stipends were ended in the 1870s,

  lost the status that had once defined them.

主句

Historians argue that the transformation was less a sudden revolution than a reorganization of power from above.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

近代日本史學者提出主張。(主句)

這些學者研究明治維新。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)

1853年培里到來,暴露了德川幕府的弱點。(第一個 that 子句,after 片語帶出動名詞性的主詞)

幕府已與西方列強簽訂不平等條約。(which 非限定關係子句,過去完成式)

薩摩與長州的武士結盟對抗幕府。(過去分詞片語 allied)

他們在1868年1月宣布恢復天皇統治。(第一個 that 子句主結構,主詞與動詞被前面的 after 子句隔開)

新政府廢除了藩。(第二個 that 子句,與前者並列,which 子句)

它以徵兵制軍隊取代世襲的武士特權。(replaced...with)

它還派官員出國研究西方制度。(與前一動詞並列,不定詞 to study)

這場轉變較不像突發的革命,而較像由上而下的權力重組。(argue 的受詞 that 子句主結構,less...than 比較)

領導者把它描述為回到天皇直接統治。(which 子句)

它在1889年產生了憲法。(第二個 which 子句,與前者並列)

因為推翻舊秩序的人是以天皇之名行事。(since 子句,who 關係子句,過去完成式)

他們保留皇位,作為自己正當性的來源。(since 子句主結構)

而前武士的俸祿在1870年代被廢止。(while 子句,whose 子句,被動語態)

他們失去了曾經定義自己的身分。(while 子句主結構,that 關係子句)

中譯

研究近代日本史的學者注意到,1853年培里到來暴露了與西方列強簽訂不平等條約的德川幕府的弱點之後,薩摩與長州的武士結盟對抗幕府,於1868年1月宣布恢復天皇統治,而廢除了藩的新政府,以徵兵制軍隊取代世襲的武士特權,又派官員出國研究西方制度,因而主張,這場被領導者描述為回到天皇直接統治、並在1889年產生憲法的轉變,與其說是突發的革命,不如說是由上而下的權力重組,因為以天皇之名推翻舊秩序的人,保留皇位作為自己正當性的來源,而俸祿在1870年代被廢止的前武士,則失去了曾經定義自己的身分。

補充說明

培里1853年首次抵達,次年簽訂神奈川條約,不平等條約主要是1858年的安政條約。「revolution」或「restoration」的說法,學界長期有爭論,本句採「由上而下重組」的一般看法。武士俸祿是逐步改革的:1873年起折算為公債,1876年全面廢止。

例句三(政治史:中國官場的腐敗與反腐敗)

原句

Scholars of Chinese politics who study official corruption, noting that imperial dynasties, which governed a vast territory through a small bureaucracy, tried to restrain official greed through the Censorate, supplementary payments meant to encourage integrity, and severe punishment of exposed offenders, and that since 2012 the Communist Party, whose leader Xi Jinping pledged to strike both "tigers" and "flies," has investigated senior figures such as Zhou Yongkang and Bo Xilai through disciplinary organs, later joined by a National Supervisory Commission created in 2018, argue that the campaign, which has punished millions of officials and which many citizens have welcomed, cannot be explained as either moral cleansing or factional purge alone, since the investigators, who punish officials for violating party discipline, answer to the same party they serve, while the courts and press, which in other systems help expose official abuse, operate under party leadership.

斷行排列

Scholars of Chinese politics

 who study official corruption,

 noting that imperial dynasties,

  which governed a vast territory through a small bureaucracy,

  tried to restrain official greed

   through the Censorate,

   supplementary payments meant to encourage integrity,

   and severe punishment of exposed offenders,

 and that since 2012 the Communist Party,

  whose leader Xi Jinping pledged to strike both "tigers" and "flies,"

  has investigated senior figures such as Zhou Yongkang and Bo Xilai

   through disciplinary organs,

    later joined by a National Supervisory Commission created in 2018,

argue

 that the campaign,

  which has punished millions of officials

  and which many citizens have welcomed,

 cannot be explained as either moral cleansing or factional purge alone,

  since the investigators,

   who punish officials for violating party discipline,

  answer to the same party they serve,

  while the courts and press,

   which in other systems help expose official abuse,

  operate under party leadership.

主句

Scholars argue that the campaign cannot be explained as either moral cleansing or factional purge alone.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

研究中國政治的學者提出主張。(主句)

這些學者研究官員腐敗。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)

歷代王朝試圖約束官員的貪婪。(第一個 that 子句,主詞與動詞被插入語隔開)

這些王朝以少數官僚統治廣大領土。(which 非限定關係子句)

它們的做法包括御史台、鼓勵廉潔的補貼,以及嚴懲被揭發的違法者。(三個並列介系詞受詞,supplementary payments 後接過去分詞片語 meant to)

2012年以來,共產黨調查了高層人物,如周永康與薄熙來。(第二個 that 子句,與前者並列,such as 帶出舉例)

黨的領導人習近平誓言「老虎」與「蒼蠅」一起打。(whose 關係子句)

調查透過紀律機關進行。(through 片語)

後來又加上2018年成立的國家監察委員會。(過去分詞片語 joined by,內含 created 後置修飾)

這場運動不能只用道德淨化或派系鬥爭來解釋。(argue 的受詞 that 子句主結構,either...or 並列)

它已懲處數百萬官員。(which 關係子句,現在完成式)

許多公民歡迎它。(第二個 which 子句,與前者並列)

因為調查者是向自己所服務的同一個黨負責。(since 子句主結構)

這些調查者因違反黨紀而懲處官員。(who 關係子句)

而法院與媒體在其他體制中有助於揭發官員濫權,在這裡則運作於黨的領導之下。(while 子句,which 子句插在主詞與動詞之間)

中譯

研究中國政治的學者注意到,以少數官僚統治廣大領土的歷代王朝,試圖透過御史台、鼓勵廉潔的補貼,以及嚴懲被揭發的違法者來約束官員的貪婪,而2012年以來,領導人習近平誓言「老虎」與「蒼蠅」一起打的共產黨,透過紀律機關調查了周永康與薄熙來等高層人物,後來又加上2018年成立的國家監察委員會,因而主張,這場已懲處數百萬官員、也受到許多公民歡迎的運動,不能只用道德淨化或派系鬥爭來解釋,因為因違反黨紀而懲處官員的調查者,是向自己所服務的同一個黨負責,而在其他體制中有助於揭發官員濫權的法院與媒體,則運作於黨的領導之下。

補充說明

「補貼」指清代雍正年間的養廉銀。周永康與薄熙來均被判處無期徒刑。受懲處官員的人數依官方通報,各階段統計口徑不同,宜另查中紀委公布的數據。本句只概括學界的一般論述,對運動的成效與動機,學者之間看法不一,原句不作價值判斷。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的主詞 Scholars of Enlightenment thought 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語。片語內第一個 that 子句,主詞 he 與動詞 argued 之間,被 raised 片語隔開,受詞中又帶出 which 子句,第二個 that 子句裡 he 與 restored 之間,插入 treating 片語。動詞 contend 要等到很後面才出現。contend 之後,the philosopher 與動詞 cannot be called 之間,被兩個以 and 並列的 whom 子句隔開,句尾 since 與 while 子句各帶出 who 與 which 子句。

例句二的主詞 Historians of modern Japan 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語。片語內第一個 that 子句,以 after 子句開頭,主詞 samurai 與動詞 proclaimed 要等到 which 子句與 allied 片語之後才出現,第二個 that 子句,主詞 the new government 之後有 which 子句,並以兩個動詞並列。動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現。argue 之後,the transformation 與 was 之間,被兩個並列的 which 子句隔開,並以 less...than 比較,since 與 while 子句各帶出 who 與 whose 子句。

例句三的主詞 Scholars of Chinese politics 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語。片語內第一個 that 子句,主詞 imperial dynasties 與動詞 tried 之間被 which 子句隔開,受詞以三個並列的 through 片語展開,第二個 that 子句與前者以 and 並列,主詞 the Communist Party 之後有 whose 子句,句尾以 joined 過去分詞片語帶出 created 後置修飾。動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現。argue 之後,the campaign 與 cannot be explained 之間,被兩個並列的 which 子句隔開,since 子句內 the investigators 與 answer 之間插入 who 子句,while 子句內 the courts and press 與 operate 之間插入 which 子句。

三句都是學界一般論述的陳述,並非對個人或政權的價值判斷。年份、人數與判決結果等細節,宜另查專書確認。

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