高攀婚 低就婚 重婚

第一句：高攀婚 hypergamy（78 字）

In sociological studies of marriage markets, the hypergamous marriages encouraging women to wed men of higher status and promising their families access to wealth and prestige were matrimonial strategies that were reinforced by rigid class hierarchies, which were either defended as pathways to security or criticized by scholars who were convinced that such preferences deepened gender inequality, thereby rewarding male economic success by narrowing women's choices and sustaining social stratification across caste-based communities that had long regulated marriage.

1. 結構破解

In sociological studies of marriage markets,

the hypergamous marriages

encouraging women to wed men of higher status

and promising their families access to wealth and prestige

were matrimonial strategies

that were reinforced by rigid class hierarchies,

which were either defended as pathways to security

or criticized by scholars

who were convinced that such preferences deepened gender inequality,

thereby rewarding male economic success

by narrowing women's choices

and sustaining social stratification

across caste-based communities

that had long regulated marriage.

2. 分解為短句

In sociological studies of marriage markets, the hypergamous marriages were matrimonial strategies.（主句骨架）

The marriages encouraged women to wed men of higher status and promised their families access to wealth and prestige.

The strategies were reinforced by rigid class hierarchies.

The strategies were either defended as pathways to security or criticized by scholars.

The scholars were convinced that such preferences deepened gender inequality.

This rewarded male economic success by narrowing women's choices and sustaining social stratification across caste-based communities.

The communities had long regulated marriage.

3. 參考譯文

在婚姻市場的社會學研究中，鼓勵女性嫁給地位較高的男性、並承諾其家庭得以接觸財富與聲望的高攀婚，是由僵固的階級體系所強化的婚姻策略；這些策略若非被捍衛為通往安穩的途徑，就是受到深信此類偏好加深性別不平等的學者所批評，從而藉由縮減女性的選擇來酬賞男性的經濟成就，並在長期規範婚配的種姓社群中維繫社會分層。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

encouraging / promising：現在分詞片語，取代 which encouraged... and promised...

encourage A to + V：鼓勵 A 做……；promise A B：向 A 承諾 B

hypergamy：「高攀婚」，希臘文 hyper（上）＋ gamos（婚姻）

be convinced that + 子句：深信……

reinforce：「強化」；stratification：「社會分層」

caste-based：「以種姓為基礎的」；matrimonial：「婚姻的」

第二句：低就婚 hypogamy（87 字）

In demographic research on partner selection, the hypogamous marriages permitting highly educated women to wed men of lower status and allowing wives to out-earn their husbands were relational patterns that were encouraged by expanding female education, which were either welcomed as signs of shifting norms or dismissed by critics who were reluctant to concede that women's earnings were reordering family expectations, thereby loosening status boundaries by rewarding personal compatibility and unsettling traditions that had long treated marriage as an exchange between unequal families across modern urban societies.

1. 結構破解

In demographic research on partner selection,

the hypogamous marriages

permitting highly educated women to wed men of lower status

and allowing wives to out-earn their husbands

were relational patterns

that were encouraged by expanding female education,

which were either welcomed as signs of shifting norms

or dismissed by critics

who were reluctant to concede that women's earnings were reordering family expectations,

thereby loosening status boundaries

by rewarding personal compatibility

and unsettling traditions

that had long treated marriage as an exchange between unequal families

across modern urban societies.

2. 分解為短句

In demographic research on partner selection, the hypogamous marriages were relational patterns.（主句骨架）

The marriages permitted highly educated women to wed men of lower status and allowed wives to out-earn their husbands.

The patterns were encouraged by expanding female education.

The patterns were either welcomed as signs of shifting norms or dismissed by critics.

The critics were reluctant to concede that women's earnings were reordering family expectations.

This loosened status boundaries by rewarding personal compatibility and unsettling traditions across modern urban societies.

The traditions had long treated marriage as an exchange between unequal families.

3. 參考譯文

在伴侶選擇的人口學研究中，容許高學歷女性嫁給地位較低的男性、並允許妻子收入高於丈夫的低就婚，是由女性教育擴張所助長的關係模式；這些模式若非被歡迎為規範轉變的徵兆，就是遭到不願承認女性收入正在重整家庭期待的批評者所否定，從而藉由重視個人契合度來鬆動地位界線，並動搖長期把婚姻視為不對等家庭之間交換的傳統，遍及現代都市社會。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

permitting / allowing：現在分詞片語，取代 which permitted... and allowed...

permit A to + V、allow A to + V：允許 A 做……

hypogamy：「低就婚」，hypo（下）＋ gamos；與 hypergamy 為反義

be reluctant to + V：不願意……（to 為不定詞）

concede that + 子句：承認……；out-earn：「收入高於」

dismiss：「否定、不予理會」；unsettle：「動搖」

compatibility：「契合度、相容性」

第三句：重婚 bigamy（77 字）

In comparative studies of modern family law, the bigamous marriages concealing an existing spouse from a new partner and exposing offenders to criminal prosecution were unlawful unions that were prohibited by monogamous legal systems, which were either condemned as betrayals of trust or excused by defendants who were claiming that earlier marriages had legally ended, thereby protecting deceived spouses by invalidating later unions and defending the principle of monogamy across jurisdictions that had long regulated marital status.

1. 結構破解

In comparative studies of modern family law,

the bigamous marriages

concealing an existing spouse from a new partner

and exposing offenders to criminal prosecution

were unlawful unions

that were prohibited by monogamous legal systems,

which were either condemned as betrayals of trust

or excused by defendants

who were claiming that earlier marriages had legally ended,

thereby protecting deceived spouses

by invalidating later unions

and defending the principle of monogamy

across jurisdictions

that had long regulated marital status.

2. 分解為短句

In comparative studies of modern family law, the bigamous marriages were unlawful unions.（主句骨架）

The marriages concealed an existing spouse from a new partner and exposed offenders to criminal prosecution.

The unions were prohibited by monogamous legal systems.

The unions were either condemned as betrayals of trust or excused by defendants.

The defendants were claiming that earlier marriages had legally ended.

This protected deceived spouses by invalidating later unions and defending the principle of monogamy across jurisdictions.

The jurisdictions had long regulated marital status.

3. 參考譯文

在現代家庭法的比較研究中，向新伴侶隱瞞既有配偶、並使行為人面臨刑事追訴的重婚，是被一夫一妻制法律體系所禁止的非法結合；這些結合若非被譴責為對信任的背叛，就是被宣稱先前婚姻已合法終止的被告所開脫，從而藉由使後來的婚姻無效來保護受騙的配偶，並在長期規範婚姻身分的法域中捍衛一夫一妻原則。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

concealing / exposing：現在分詞片語，取代 which concealed... and exposed...

conceal A from B：向 B 隱瞞 A；expose A to B：使 A 面臨 B

bigamy：「重婚」，bi（二）＋ gamos；形容詞為 bigamous

monogamous：「一夫一妻的」；monogamy：「一夫一妻制」

jurisdiction：「法域、管轄區」；prosecution：「刑事追訴」

invalidate：「使無效」；excuse：「開脫、寬恕」

三句皆沿用原骨架：主句為「名詞＋現在分詞片語＋were＋名詞」，接 that 子句、which were either...or...，最後以 thereby＋V-ing 收尾。

另提醒：高攀婚與低就婚談的是地位方向，重婚則是法律上的違法行為，三者性質不同。