英格蘭國教派的建立與對不從國教派者的鎮壓
英格蘭國教派的建立與對不從國教派者的鎮壓
● 字源
「Nonconformist」源自拉丁文 non-(不)+ conformare(使成同形),意為「不遵從者」。此詞原指拒絕遵守英格蘭國教派禮儀與教規的人,主要是清教徒、浸信會、公理會與貴格會等新教徒。「Establishment」源自古法文 establir,意為「建立、使穩固」。「the Establishment」即與國家結合的國教體制。
● 例句
Never did the Church of England, which Parliament had severed from Rome in 1534 so that Henry VIII, whose request for an annulment Pope Clement VII had refused, might govern it as supreme head, and which Elizabeth I had settled in 1559 upon a prayer book that Puritans, who longed to purge it of Roman remnants, found wanting, reveal its intolerance more plainly than when, in 1662, an Act of Uniformity, which obliged every clergyman to assent to that book, expelled some two thousand ministers from their livings, whereupon the Conventicle and Test Acts barred those who would not conform from public office and lawful assembly.
(約 105 字)
● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式
Never did the Church of England,
which Parliament had severed from Rome in 1534
so that Henry VIII,
whose request for an annulment Pope Clement VII had refused,
might govern it as supreme head,
and which Elizabeth I had settled in 1559 upon a prayer book
that Puritans,
who longed to purge it of Roman remnants,
found wanting,
reveal its intolerance more plainly
than when, in 1662,
an Act of Uniformity,
which obliged every clergyman to assent to that book,
expelled some two thousand ministers from their livings,
whereupon the Conventicle and Test Acts
barred those who would not conform
from public office and lawful assembly.
● 分解為原初的短小句
The Church of England never revealed its intolerance more plainly than in 1662.(Never 提前造成倒裝;主句主幹為 reveal its intolerance more plainly than。)
Parliament had severed the Church of England from Rome in 1534.(which 引導之第一個關係子句,修飾 Church。)
Henry VIII might govern the Church as supreme head.(so that 引導之目的子句。)
Pope Clement VII had refused Henry VIII's request for an annulment.(whose 引導之插入子句,refused 之受詞 request 被帶到前面。)
Elizabeth I had settled the Church in 1559 upon a prayer book.(and which 引導之並列關係子句。)
Puritans found the prayer book wanting.(that 引導之關係子句,受詞 that 前置;find + 受詞 + 補語。)
The Puritans longed to purge the prayer book of Roman remnants.(who 引導之插入子句,purge A of B 意為「清除 A 之 B」。)
An Act of Uniformity obliged every clergyman to assent to that book.(which 引導之插入子句;oblige + 受詞 + to 不定詞。)
The Act expelled some two thousand ministers from their livings.(when 子句之主幹,被前述插入子句切開。)
The Conventicle and Test Acts then barred nonconformists from public office and lawful assembly.(whereupon 引導之接續子句,意為「於是隨後」。)
● 文法解析
Never + 助動詞倒裝(Never did + 主詞 + 原形動詞):
否定副詞 never 置於句首時,助動詞 did 提前,主詞 the Church of England 隨後,動詞回到原形 reveal。本句主詞後立刻接兩個關係子句,長約 50 個字,真正的動詞 reveal 要等到這些子句結束才出現,讀者須一路記住句首的 Never did。
並列 which 子句(which Parliament had severed ... and which Elizabeth I had settled ...):
兩個 which 子句並列修飾 Church,以 and 連接。第一個子句內有 so that 目的子句,其中又插入 whose 子句,形成插入中的插入。
whose 插入與受詞前置(Henry VIII, whose request for an annulment Pope Clement VII had refused, might govern):
whose request 是 refused 的受詞,被帶到子句最前面,還原語序為 Pope Clement VII had refused his request。此子句切開了主詞 Henry VIII 與動詞 might govern,讀者須回頭確認主詞。
a prayer book that Puritans ... found wanting(受詞關係代名詞 that + 插入 who 子句):
that 在關係子句中是 found 的受詞,find + 受詞 + 補語(wanting)意為「認為……不足」。Puritans 與 found 之間插入 who longed to purge it of Roman remnants,把主詞與謂語拉開。
reveal ... more plainly than when, in 1662, ...(比較級 + than when 子句):
than when 引導時間性比較子句,意為「比起……之時」。when 之後插入 in 1662,主詞 an Act of Uniformity 與動詞 expelled 之間又被 which 子句切開。
whereupon 接續子句:
whereupon 為關係副詞,意為「於是、隨即」,引導接續發生的事,主詞 the Conventicle and Test Acts 與動詞 barred 連續出現,句子由此收尾。
● 參考譯文
英格蘭國會於一五三四年使英格蘭教會脫離羅馬,好讓亨利八世(教宗克勉七世曾拒絕其廢婚請求)得以最高領袖身分治理教會。伊莉莎白一世則於一五五九年為教會確立一部祈禱書,而力圖清除其中羅馬殘餘的清教徒認為它不夠徹底。但國教會最清楚展現其不寬容,莫過於一六六二年:當時的《統一法》要求每位神職人員認可該祈禱書,約兩千名牧師因此被逐出教職,隨後《集會法》與《宣誓法》又禁止不從國教者擔任公職與合法集會。
● 補充說明
句型亮點與文法變化:
Never + 助動詞倒裝: 前幾篇已用過 Such、No sooner、Seldom、Little、Only after、Not only、Not until、Hardly、Were it not for、So ... that 等倒裝,本篇改用 Never did ... reveal ... more plainly than when,並以兩個並列 which 子句拉開 did 與 reveal 的距離。
不使用分號: 全句僅以 which、so that、whose、and which、that、who、than when、whereupon 等連接詞與關係詞推進,單一主幹(Never did the Church reveal its intolerance ... than when an Act expelled ...)貫穿到底。
插入中的插入: which Parliament had severed 之內套 so that 子句,其中又套 whose request ... had refused;that Puritans found wanting 之內又套 who longed to purge it。
兩種前置: Never 否定副詞前置造成的主助動詞倒裝,以及 whose request、that 兩處的受詞前置,讀者須還原語序。
更多相關歷史例子(可替換或延伸使用):
1534 年《至尊法案》確立英王為英格蘭教會最高領袖,湯瑪斯·摩爾因拒絕宣誓於 1535 年被處決。
1559 年伊莉莎白一世的《至尊法案》與《統一法》確立「伊莉莎白宗教協議」,拒絕參加國教禮拜者須繳罰款。
1593 年《反宗派法》嚴懲分離派,浸信會與分離派領袖亨利·巴羅、約翰·格林伍德同年被絞死。
1620 年清教徒分離派乘「五月花號」前往新大陸,其背景之一即是不堪國教會壓力。
1661–1665 年「克拉倫登法典」包括《市鎮法》、《統一法》、《集會法》與《五英里法》,系統性排除不從國教者。
1689 年《寬容法》准許信奉三一論的新教不從國教者自行禮拜,但天主教徒與唯一神論者不在其內;《宣誓法》與《市鎮法》遲至 1828 年才廢除。
核心學術字彙與文法重點總結:
關鍵字詞: Establishment(國教體制)、Nonconformist(不從國教者)、Supremacy(至尊)、Annulment(廢婚、婚姻無效宣告)、Puritan(清教徒)、Uniformity(統一)、Conventicle(非法宗教集會)、Living(聖職薪俸職位)。
文法重點: Never 倒裝、並列 which 子句、so that 目的子句、whose 插入與受詞前置、受詞關係代名詞 that 加插入 who 子句、than when 比較子句、whereupon 接續子句、oblige + 受詞 + to 不定詞。
一點小提醒: 《統一法》於 1662 年 8 月 24 日(聖巴多羅買日)生效,約兩千名牧師因拒絕簽署而離職,史稱「大驅逐」(Great Ejection)。《市鎮法》(1661)早於《統一法》,《集會法》為 1664 年,《宣誓法》則晚至 1673 年,例句為求簡潔,以 whereupon 合併敘述其後續效果,時序上並非完全精確。又,1534 年的分裂主要出於政治與王權因素,教義上的新教化是在愛德華六世與伊莉莎白時期才逐步完成。另需注意,英格蘭國教會同樣迫害天主教徒,且 1640 至 1650 年代清教徒掌權時亦曾壓制國教徒,所以鎮壓並非單向。例句實際約 105 個英文單字。參考譯文為求順暢,已調整部分分句順序。
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