聖經文字争議 巴頓將軍簡介 中文學習門檻比英文高

 例句一(聖經研究:以賽亞書 7:14 的「少女」與「童貞女」之爭)

原句

Biblical scholars who compare the Hebrew text of Isaiah 7:14, in which the word almah designates a young woman of marriageable age without necessarily implying virginity, with the Greek rendering parthenos that Matthew quotes in describing the birth of Jesus, observe that the Septuagint translators, working centuries before the Gospel was written, may have chosen a term that later readers heard as a claim of virginal conception, a reading which defenders of the traditional doctrine, appealing to the context of Matthew's narrative, regard as faithful to the prophecy whereas critics regard it as an accident of translation.

斷行排列

Biblical scholars

 who compare the Hebrew text of Isaiah 7:14,

  in which the word almah designates a young woman of marriageable age

  without necessarily implying virginity,

 with the Greek rendering parthenos

  that Matthew quotes in describing the birth of Jesus,

observe

 that the Septuagint translators,

  working centuries before the Gospel was written,

 may have chosen a term

  that later readers heard as a claim of virginal conception,

 a reading

  which defenders of the traditional doctrine,

   appealing to the context of Matthew's narrative,

  regard as faithful to the prophecy

  whereas critics regard it as an accident of translation.

主句

Biblical scholars observe that the Septuagint translators may have chosen a term.(主詞之後接長長的 who 子句,動詞 observe 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

聖經學者提出觀察。(主句)

這些學者比較兩種文本。(who 關係子句,compare A with B)

一是以賽亞書 7:14 的希伯來文本。(A)

其中 almah 一詞指適婚年齡的年輕女子。(in which 關係子句)

這個詞不一定暗示貞潔。(without 片語,動名詞)

二是馬太所引用的希臘文譯詞 parthenos。(B,that 關係子句)

馬太引用它來描述耶穌的誕生。(in describing 片語)

七十士譯本的譯者可能選用了一個詞。(observe 的受詞 that 子句,完成式情態)

他們的工作早於福音書寫成好幾個世紀。(working,現在分詞片語,被動語態 was written)

後世讀者把這個詞聽成童貞女懷孕的主張。(that 關係子句)

這種解讀是一種讀法。(同位語 a reading)

傳統教義的捍衛者援引馬太敘事的脈絡。(appealing,現在分詞片語,插在主詞與動詞之間)

他們認為這種讀法忠於預言。(which 關係子句,regard...as)

批評者則認為這是翻譯上的偶然。(whereas 對比子句)

中譯

比較以賽亞書 7:14 希伯來文本(其中 almah 一詞指適婚年齡的年輕女子,不一定暗示貞潔)與馬太引用來描述耶穌誕生的希臘文譯詞 parthenos 的聖經學者觀察到,早於福音書寫成數世紀的七十士譯本譯者,可能選用了一個後世讀者聽成童貞女懷孕主張的詞;這種解讀,傳統教義的捍衛者援引馬太敘事脈絡而認為忠於預言,批評者則視之為翻譯上的偶然。

例句二(歷史人物:二戰名將巴頓將軍)

原句

George S. Patton, a United States Army general who commanded the Seventh Army in Sicily and later led the Third Army in its rapid sweep across France, is remembered by historians, who credit him with a doctrine of fast-moving armored offensives and with the swift redirection of his forces northward to relieve Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge, as one of the most effective field commanders of the Second World War, even though his career, marked by the notorious slapping incidents of 1943, was imperiled before the campaign in Normandy began.

斷行排列

George S. Patton,

 a United States Army general

  who commanded the Seventh Army in Sicily

  and later led the Third Army

   in its rapid sweep across France,

is remembered by historians,

 who credit him

  with a doctrine of fast-moving armored offensives

  and with the swift redirection of his forces northward

   to relieve Bastogne

   during the Battle of the Bulge,

as one of the most effective field commanders of the Second World War,

 even though his career,

  marked by the notorious slapping incidents of 1943,

 was imperiled

  before the campaign in Normandy began.

主句

George S. Patton is remembered by historians as one of the most effective field commanders.(被動語態,主詞之後接同位語與 who 子句,動詞 is remembered 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

巴頓將軍被歷史學者記憶為一位傑出的指揮官。(主句,被動語態,remember...as)

巴頓是美國陸軍將領。(同位語 a United States Army general)

他曾在西西里指揮第七軍。(who 關係子句)

他後來率領第三軍迅速橫掃法國。(並列動詞 led,內含 in its rapid sweep 片語)

歷史學者肯定他兩項貢獻。(who 非限定關係子句,credit...with)

一是快速裝甲攻勢的作戰理念。(with 片語)

二是在突出部之役中迅速調兵北上解救巴斯托涅。(並列的 with 片語,內含不定詞 to relieve)

他是二戰最有效能的野戰指揮官之一。(as 片語)

儘管他的生涯曾受到威脅。(even though 讓步子句,被動語態)

威脅來自 1943 年惡名昭彰的掌摑事件。(過去分詞片語 marked by,插在主詞與動詞之間)

威脅發生在諾曼第戰役開始之前。(before 子句)

中譯

美國陸軍將領巴頓曾在西西里指揮第七軍,後來率領第三軍迅速橫掃法國;歷史學者肯定他提出快速裝甲攻勢的作戰理念,並在突出部之役中迅速調兵北上解救巴斯托涅,因而把他視為二戰最有效能的野戰指揮官之一,儘管他的軍旅生涯曾在諾曼第戰役開始前,因 1943 年惡名昭彰的掌摑事件而陷入危機。

例句三(語言學習:為何中文的入門門檻高於英文)

原句

Linguists who compare the two languages, observing that English employs an alphabet of twenty-six letters whose combinations, despite irregular spelling, give learners at least a partial guide to pronunciation, argue that Chinese presents a higher initial threshold because its characters, which encode meaning and sound in ways that rarely allow a reader to infer how an unfamiliar one is pronounced, must be memorized in the thousands before fluent reading becomes possible, a burden compounded by lexical tones that change a word's meaning according to pitch contour, even though Chinese, unlike English, has almost no inflectional endings to master.

斷行排列

Linguists

 who compare the two languages,

 observing that English employs an alphabet of twenty-six letters

  whose combinations,

   despite irregular spelling,

  give learners at least a partial guide to pronunciation,

argue

 that Chinese presents a higher initial threshold

  because its characters,

   which encode meaning and sound

    in ways that rarely allow a reader to infer

     how an unfamiliar one is pronounced,

  must be memorized in the thousands

   before fluent reading becomes possible,

  a burden

   compounded by lexical tones

    that change a word's meaning according to pitch contour,

  even though Chinese,

   unlike English,

  has almost no inflectional endings to master.

主句

Linguists argue that Chinese presents a higher initial threshold because its characters must be memorized in the thousands.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 observing 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現,because 子句再補充理由)

拆成短句

語言學者提出主張。(主句)

這些學者比較兩種語言。(who 關係子句)

他們觀察到英文使用二十六個字母的字母系統。(observing,現在分詞片語)

這些字母的組合能給學習者至少部分的發音線索。(whose 關係子句,give 接雙受詞)

即使拼寫不規則也是如此。(despite 片語,插在 whose combinations 與 give 之間)

中文的入門門檻較高。(argue 的受詞 that 子句)

原因是漢字同時編碼意義與聲音。(because 子句,which 非限定關係子句)

但讀者很少能據此推知陌生漢字怎麼唸。(in ways that 關係結構,內含 how 名詞子句,被動語態)

漢字必須記上數千個才能流暢閱讀。(because 子句的主要動詞,被動語態)

這是一種負擔。(同位語 a burden)

聲調使這項負擔更重。(過去分詞片語 compounded by)

聲調依音高曲線改變詞義。(that 關係子句)

儘管中文不像英文,幾乎沒有需要學習的詞尾變化。(even though 讓步子句,內含 unlike English 插入語)

中譯

比較兩種語言的語言學者觀察到,英文使用二十六個字母,其組合即使拼寫不規則,仍能給學習者至少部分的發音線索,因而主張中文的入門門檻較高,因為漢字雖同時編碼意義與聲音,讀者卻很少能據此推知陌生漢字怎麼唸,必須記上數千個才能流暢閱讀,而依音高曲線改變詞義的聲調又使這項負擔更重,儘管中文不像英文,幾乎沒有需要學習的詞尾變化。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的主詞 Biblical scholars 後面連著長長的 who 子句,內含 in which 關係子句與 compare A with B 結構,動詞 observe 要等到很後面才出現。observe 之後的 that 子句中,translators 與 may have chosen 之間被 working 片語切開;句尾 a reading 是前面整個 heard as a claim 的同位語,其 which 子句的動詞 regard 被 appealing 片語推遠,最後以 whereas 對比子句收尾。

例句二的主詞 George S. Patton 後面連著同位語與 who 子句,被動動詞 is remembered 要等到很後面才出現;historians 之後的 who 子句有兩個並列的 with 片語,動詞是 credit。句尾 even though 子句中,career 與 was imperiled 之間插入 marked by 過去分詞片語,要讀到 was imperiled 才完整。

例句三的主詞 Linguists 後面連著 who 子句與 observing 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現;observing 之內,whose combinations 與動詞 give 之間插入 despite 片語。because 子句中,characters 與 must be memorized 之間隔著 which 子句,其內 how 名詞子句是 infer 的受詞。句尾 a burden 是同位語,even though 子句內的 unlike English 是插入語,主詞 Chinese 與動詞 has 之間不要被它打斷。

另外,例句一只是從文本與翻譯角度介紹學術爭論,並未對教義立場作任何判斷。

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