達文西機器人手術、基因改造作物、複製狗 三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

達文西機器人手術、基因改造作物、複製狗　三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

例句一（達文西機器人手術）

原句

The da Vinci Surgical System, which Intuitive Surgical introduced in 2000 and which lets a surgeon, seated at a console and watching a magnified three-dimensional view, steer instruments through incisions only a few millimeters wide, has been used in millions of procedures, most often prostate removal and hysterectomy, a record that proponents, who point to smaller scars, less blood loss, and shorter hospital stays, cite as evidence of progress, although critics, noting that the machine costs over a million dollars and that trials have often found outcomes similar to conventional laparoscopy, question whether the added expense is justified for most patients.

斷行排列

The da Vinci Surgical System,

　which Intuitive Surgical introduced in 2000

　and which lets a surgeon,

　　seated at a console and watching a magnified three-dimensional view,

　　steer instruments through incisions only a few millimeters wide,

has been used in millions of procedures,

　most often prostate removal and hysterectomy,

　a record

　　that proponents,

　　　who point to smaller scars, less blood loss, and shorter hospital stays,

　　cite as evidence of progress,

　　although critics,

　　　noting that the machine costs over a million dollars

　　　and that trials have often found outcomes similar to conventional laparoscopy,

　　question whether the added expense is justified for most patients.

主句

The da Vinci Surgical System has been used in millions of procedures.（主詞後先接兩個並列的 which 子句，第二個內含過去分詞片語與現在分詞片語，動詞 has been used 要讀很久才出現）

拆成短句

達文西手術系統已用於數百萬例手術。（主句，現在完成式被動）

直覺外科公司在 2000 年推出它。（which 關係子句，introduced）

它讓外科醫師操控器械。（and which 並列，lets...steer）

醫師坐在控制台前。（seated，過去分詞片語）

醫師看著放大的三維影像。（and watching，並列分詞片語）

器械穿過只有幾毫米寬的切口。（steer through，形容詞片語 only a few millimeters wide）

這些手術最常見的是攝護腺切除與子宮切除。（most often 片語）

這是一項紀錄。（同位語 a record）

支持者把它當作進步的證據。（that 子句，proponents 為主詞，動詞 cite as）

支持者指出疤痕較小、失血較少、住院較短。（who 關係子句，point to，三個並列名詞）

批評者質疑增加的費用是否對多數病人值得。（although 子句，question whether）

批評者注意到機器要價超過百萬美元。（noting，現在分詞片語）

他們也注意到試驗常發現結果與傳統腹腔鏡相近。（and that 並列）

參考翻譯

達文西手術系統由直覺外科公司於 2000 年推出，讓坐在控制台前、看著放大三維影像的外科醫師，操控器械穿過僅數毫米寬的切口，已用於數百萬例手術，最常見的是攝護腺切除與子宮切除，支持者指出疤痕較小、失血較少、住院較短，視這項紀錄為進步的證據，然而批評者注意到機器要價超過百萬美元，且試驗常發現結果與傳統腹腔鏡相近，因而質疑對多數病人而言增加的費用是否值得。

例句二（基因改造作物）

原句

Genetically modified crops, which scientists create by inserting a gene from another organism into a plant's genome and which farmers have planted widely since the mid-1990s, notably soybeans, maize, cotton, and canola engineered to tolerate herbicides or resist insect pests, have been judged as safe to eat as conventional crops by major scientific bodies, a conclusion that many consumers, who worry about long-term effects and corporate control of seeds, nevertheless doubt, a doubt that regulators, noting that rules differ sharply between the United States and the European Union, address in part through labeling requirements and approval procedures that vary from country to country.

斷行排列

Genetically modified crops,

　which scientists create

　　by inserting a gene from another organism into a plant's genome

　and which farmers have planted widely since the mid-1990s,

　　notably soybeans, maize, cotton, and canola

　　　engineered to tolerate herbicides or resist insect pests,

have been judged as safe to eat as conventional crops

　by major scientific bodies,

　a conclusion

　　that many consumers,

　　　who worry about long-term effects and corporate control of seeds,

　　nevertheless doubt,

　a doubt

　　that regulators,

　　　noting that rules differ sharply between the United States and the European Union,

　　address in part through labeling requirements and approval procedures

　　　that vary from country to country.

主句

Genetically modified crops have been judged as safe to eat as conventional crops by major scientific bodies.（主詞後先接兩個並列的 which 子句，內含介係詞加動名詞與過去分詞片語，動詞 have been judged 要讀很久才出現）

拆成短句

基因改造作物已被主要科學機構判定與傳統作物一樣可安心食用。（主句，被動語態，as...as 比較）

科學家創造它們的方法是把另一種生物的基因植入植物基因體。（which 關係子句，by 加動名詞 inserting）

農民自 1990 年代中期起廣泛種植它們。（and which 並列，have planted）

這些作物尤其是大豆、玉米、棉花與油菜。（notably，四個並列名詞）

這些作物經改造後能耐受除草劑或抵抗害蟲。（engineered，過去分詞片語，兩個並列不定詞）

這是一項結論。（同位語 a conclusion）

許多消費者仍然懷疑這項結論。（that 子句，consumers 為主詞，動詞 doubt）

這些消費者擔心長期影響與企業對種子的控制。（who 關係子句，worry about，插在 consumers 與 doubt 之間）

這是一種疑慮。（同位語 a doubt）

監管機關部分透過標示規定與核准程序來回應。（that 子句，regulators 為主詞，動詞 address）

監管機關注意到美國與歐盟的規定差異很大。（noting，現在分詞片語，插在 regulators 與 address 之間）

這些規定與程序各國不同。（that 關係子句，vary）

參考翻譯

基因改造作物由科學家把另一種生物的基因植入植物基因體而創造，農民自 1990 年代中期起廣泛種植，尤其是經改造後能耐受除草劑或抵抗害蟲的大豆、玉米、棉花與油菜，主要科學機構判定它們與傳統作物一樣可安心食用，但擔心長期影響與企業掌控種子的許多消費者仍然懷疑這項結論，監管機關注意到美國與歐盟的規定差異很大，部分透過各國不一的標示規定與核准程序來回應這種疑慮。

例句三（複製狗）

原句

Dog cloning, which succeeded for the first time in 2005 when a Seoul National University team transferred the nucleus of an adult skin cell into an egg whose own nucleus had been removed and implanted the embryo in a surrogate mother, has since become a commercial service, offered at tens of thousands of dollars to owners who wish to preserve a beloved pet's genes, a practice that animal welfare advocates, noting that many surrogate dogs are needed and that cloned puppies may differ in temperament from the original, criticize, while scientists, who point out that a clone shares only its genes and not its experiences, remind buyers that no copy can restore a lost companion.

斷行排列

Dog cloning,

　which succeeded for the first time in 2005

　　when a Seoul National University team

　　　transferred the nucleus of an adult skin cell

　　　　into an egg

　　　　　whose own nucleus had been removed

　　　and implanted the embryo in a surrogate mother,

has since become a commercial service,

　offered at tens of thousands of dollars

　　to owners

　　　who wish to preserve a beloved pet's genes,

　a practice

　　that animal welfare advocates,

　　　noting that many surrogate dogs are needed

　　　and that cloned puppies may differ in temperament from the original,

　　criticize,

　　while scientists,

　　　who point out that a clone shares only its genes and not its experiences,

　　remind buyers

　　　that no copy can restore a lost companion.

主句

Dog cloning has since become a commercial service.（主詞後先接 which 子句，內含 when 子句、兩個並列動詞與 whose 子句，動詞 has become 要讀很久才出現）

拆成短句

犬隻複製後來成為一項商業服務。（主句，現在完成式）

它在 2005 年首度成功。（which 關係子句，succeeded）

當時首爾大學的團隊把成犬皮膚細胞的細胞核移入卵子。（when 子句，transferred...into）

這顆卵子自己的細胞核已被移除。（whose 關係子句，過去完成式被動）

團隊並把胚胎植入代理孕母。（and implanted 並列）

這項服務收費數萬美元，對象是飼主。（offered at，過去分詞片語）

這些飼主想保存愛犬的基因。（who 關係子句，wish to preserve）

這是一種做法。（同位語 a practice）

動物福利倡議者批評它。（that 子句，advocates 為主詞，動詞 criticize）

倡議者注意到需要許多代理孕母犬。（noting，現在分詞片語，插在 advocates 與 criticize 之間）

他們也注意到複製幼犬的氣質可能與原犬不同。（and that 並列）

科學家則提醒買家。（while 子句，scientists 為主詞，動詞 remind）

科學家指出複製體只共享基因，不共享經歷。（who 關係子句，point out that，only...not）

沒有任何複本能取回逝去的伴侶。（that 子句，no copy can restore）

參考翻譯

犬隻複製於 2005 年首度成功，當時首爾大學的團隊把成犬皮膚細胞的細胞核移入已移除自身細胞核的卵子，並把胚胎植入代理孕母，此後成為商業服務，收費數萬美元，對象是想保存愛犬基因的飼主，動物福利倡議者注意到需要許多代理孕母犬、複製幼犬的氣質也可能與原犬不同，因而批評這種做法，而科學家指出複製體只共享基因、不共享經歷，提醒買家沒有任何複本能取回逝去的伴侶。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的主詞 The da Vinci Surgical System 後面先接兩個以 and 並列的 which 子句，第二個的 lets 與 steer 之間插了 seated 與 watching 兩個並列分詞片語，動詞 has been used 要讀很久才出現。句尾 a record 是前面整句的同位語，其 that 子句中，proponents 與 cite 之間插了 who 子句，之後以 although 子句收束，critics 與 question 之間插了 noting 片語，內含兩個以 and 並列的 that 子句。

例句二的主詞 Genetically modified crops 後面先接兩個以 and 並列的 which 子句，第一個以 by 加動名詞展開，第二個後接 notably 列舉與 engineered 過去分詞片語，動詞 have been judged 要讀很久才出現。a conclusion 與 a doubt 是兩層同位語，前者的 that 子句中，consumers 與 doubt 之間插了 who 子句，後者的 that 子句中，regulators 與 address 之間插了 noting 片語，句尾再接 that 關係子句。

例句三的主詞 Dog cloning 後面先接 which 子句，內含 when 子句，transferred 與 implanted 兩個動詞並列，中間又嵌了 whose 子句，動詞 has become 要讀很久才出現。a practice 是同位語，其 that 子句中，advocates 與 criticize 之間插了 noting 片語，內含兩個以 and 並列的 that 子句，之後以 while 子句收束，scientists 與 remind 之間插了 who 子句，句尾再接 that 子句。

另外，這三句涉及醫療與生命倫理議題，我採描述性寫法並呈現正反意見，不構成醫療建議，也不代表我的立場。若要用於正式教材，建議再核對下列細節：

達文西系統約在 2000 年獲美國 FDA 核准用於一般腹腔鏡手術；「試驗常發現結果與傳統腹腔鏡相近」是概括說法，各術式的證據不同，有些術式研究顯示機器人手術有部分優勢。價格依機型而異，常見說法是百萬美元以上。

基因改造作物的商業化種植約始於 1996 年；「與傳統作物一樣安全」的說法常見於美國國家科學院 2016 年報告等，並非所有機構、所有作物都有相同結論；標示與核准規定各國差異大。

首隻複製狗 Snuppy（阿富汗獵犬）於 2005 年由首爾大學團隊發表，我刻意不列主持人姓名，因為該團隊主持人後來因人類幹細胞造假事件離職，但 Snuppy 本身經後續查證確為複製體；商業複製的收費約數萬美元起，依公司與年份而異。