失眠、失憶、失智 三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

失眠、失憶、失智

三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

例句一（失眠）

原句

Insomnia, which the American Academy of Sleep Medicine defines as persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking too early despite adequate opportunity for sleep, and which must be accompanied by daytime impairment such as fatigue, irritability, or poor concentration before it counts as a disorder, affects roughly one in ten adults chronically, a prevalence that researchers, noting that it rises with age and is higher among women, attribute to a mix of heightened physiological arousal, stress, and habits that sustain wakefulness, and that clinicians, who recommend cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia as the first-line treatment because its benefits tend to last after sessions end, contrast with sleeping pills, which can relieve symptoms quickly but carry risks of dependence and next-day drowsiness.

斷行排列

Insomnia,

　which the American Academy of Sleep Medicine defines

　　as persistent difficulty

　　　falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking too early

　　　despite adequate opportunity for sleep,

　and which must be accompanied by daytime impairment

　　such as fatigue, irritability, or poor concentration

　　before it counts as a disorder,

affects roughly one in ten adults chronically,

　a prevalence

　　that researchers,

　　　noting that it rises with age

　　　and is higher among women,

　　attribute to a mix of heightened physiological arousal, stress, and habits

　　　that sustain wakefulness,

　　and that clinicians,

　　　who recommend cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia as the first-line treatment

　　　　because its benefits tend to last after sessions end,

　　contrast with sleeping pills,

　　　which can relieve symptoms quickly

　　　but carry risks of dependence and next-day drowsiness.

主句

Insomnia affects roughly one in ten adults chronically.（主詞後先接兩個並列的 which 子句，內含 defines as 片語與 before 子句，動詞 affects 要讀很久才出現）

拆成短句

失眠長期影響約十分之一的成年人。（主句，affects）

美國睡眠醫學會這樣界定失眠。（which 關係子句，which 為 defines 的受詞）

失眠是持續難以入睡、難以維持睡眠或過早醒來。（as 片語，三個並列動名詞）

這發生在睡眠機會充足的情況下。（despite 片語）

失眠必須伴隨日間功能受損。（and which 並列，must be accompanied by）

日間受損如疲倦、易怒或注意力差。（such as 片語）

這樣才算是一種疾病。（before 子句，counts as）

這是一種盛行率。（同位語 a prevalence）

研究者把它歸因於幾項因素。（that 子句，researchers 為主詞，動詞 attribute）

研究者注意到盛行率隨年齡上升。（noting，現在分詞片語）

研究者也注意到女性較高。（and is higher，並列）

這些因素包括生理亢奮升高、壓力與使清醒持續的習慣。（a mix of，that 關係子句）

臨床醫師則把它與安眠藥對照。（and that 並列，clinicians 為主詞，動詞 contrast with）

臨床醫師建議以失眠認知行為治療為第一線療法。（who 關係子句，recommend as）

理由是它的效益在療程結束後往往持續。（because 子句）

安眠藥能快速緩解症狀。（which 關係子句，can relieve）

但安眠藥有依賴與隔日嗜睡的風險。（but carry，並列）

參考翻譯

失眠，依美國睡眠醫學會的界定，是在睡眠機會充足下持續難以入睡、難以維持睡眠或過早醒來，且須伴隨疲倦、易怒或注意力差等日間功能受損才算疾病，長期影響約十分之一的成年人，研究者注意到這種盛行率隨年齡上升、女性較高，並把它歸因於生理亢奮升高、壓力與使清醒持續的習慣，而臨床醫師因其效益在療程結束後往往持續，建議以失眠認知行為治療為第一線療法，並把它與能快速緩解症狀、卻有依賴與隔日嗜睡風險的安眠藥對照。

例句二（失憶）

原句

Amnesia, which denotes a loss of memory that exceeds ordinary forgetting and which may follow brain injury, stroke, infection, or prolonged alcohol misuse, is commonly divided into anterograde amnesia, the inability to form new memories after the onset of the condition, and retrograde amnesia, the loss of memories formed before it, a distinction that neuroscientists, citing the case of Henry Molaison, whose medial temporal lobes were surgically removed in 1953 to control his seizures and who thereafter could not retain new facts although his skills and older memories remained largely intact, treat as evidence that the hippocampus is essential for consolidating new memories, a conclusion that later researchers, who found that Molaison could nonetheless improve at a mirror-drawing task without recalling having practiced it, extended by arguing that the brain supports more than one memory system.

斷行排列

Amnesia,

　which denotes a loss of memory

　　that exceeds ordinary forgetting

　and which may follow brain injury, stroke, infection, or prolonged alcohol misuse,

is commonly divided into anterograde amnesia,

　the inability to form new memories

　　after the onset of the condition,

　and retrograde amnesia,

　the loss of memories formed before it,

　a distinction

　　that neuroscientists,

　　　citing the case of Henry Molaison,

　　　　whose medial temporal lobes were surgically removed in 1953

　　　　　to control his seizures

　　　　and who thereafter could not retain new facts

　　　　　although his skills and older memories remained largely intact,

　　treat as evidence

　　　that the hippocampus is essential for consolidating new memories,

　a conclusion

　　that later researchers,

　　　who found

　　　　that Molaison could nonetheless improve at a mirror-drawing task

　　　　　without recalling having practiced it,

　　extended by arguing

　　　that the brain supports more than one memory system.

主句

Amnesia is commonly divided into anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia.（主詞後先接兩個並列的 which 子句，被動語態的 is commonly divided 要讀很久才出現）

拆成短句

失憶通常分為順行性失憶與逆行性失憶。（主句，被動語態）

失憶是指記憶喪失超出一般遺忘。（which 關係子句，that 子句修飾 loss）

失憶可能出現在腦傷、中風、感染或長期酒精濫用之後。（and which 並列，may follow）

順行性失憶是發病後無法形成新記憶。（同位語 the inability to form）

逆行性失憶是喪失發病前形成的記憶。（同位語，過去分詞 formed）

這是一種區分。（同位語 a distinction）

神經科學家引用亨利・莫萊森的案例。（citing，現在分詞片語，插在 neuroscientists 與 treat 之間）

莫萊森的內側顳葉在 1953 年為控制癲癇而被手術切除。（whose 關係子句，被動語態，不定詞 to control）

此後他無法保留新事實。（and who 並列，could not retain）

但他的技能與較早的記憶大致完好。（although 子句）

神經科學家視它為證據。（treat as）

證據顯示海馬迴對鞏固新記憶不可或缺。（evidence that 同位語子句）

這是一項結論。（同位語 a conclusion）

後來的研究者擴充了這項結論。（that 子句，researchers 為主詞，動詞 extended）

這些研究者發現莫萊森在鏡像描繪作業上仍能進步。（who 關係子句，found that）

他並不記得自己練習過。（without 加動名詞完成式）

他們主張大腦支持不只一種記憶系統。（by arguing that）

參考翻譯

失憶是指超出一般遺忘的記憶喪失，可能出現在腦傷、中風、感染或長期酒精濫用之後，通常分為發病後無法形成新記憶的順行性失憶，與喪失發病前所形成記憶的逆行性失憶；神經科學家引用莫萊森的案例（他的內側顳葉於 1953 年為控制癲癇而被手術切除，此後無法保留新事實，技能與較早的記憶卻大致完好），視這項區分為海馬迴對鞏固新記憶不可或缺的證據，後來的研究者發現他在鏡像描繪作業上仍能進步，卻不記得自己練習過，因而擴充這項結論，主張大腦支持不只一種記憶系統。

例句三（失智）

原句

Dementia, which is not a single disease but an umbrella term for a decline in memory, reasoning, and everyday functioning severe enough to interfere with independent living, has as its most common cause Alzheimer's disease, a condition that Alois Alzheimer first described in 1906 in a patient whose brain showed amyloid plaques and tangled fibers, findings that remain central to diagnosis although researchers, who have found that drugs clearing amyloid from the brain slow decline only modestly, debate whether the plaques drive the disease or merely accompany it, a debate that families, who often notice the first symptoms as repeated questions or missed bills rather than outright forgetting, experience less as theory than as a question of how early to seek assessment, since an earlier diagnosis allows planning even where treatment cannot reverse the damage.

斷行排列

Dementia,

　which is not a single disease

　but an umbrella term for a decline in memory, reasoning, and everyday functioning

　　severe enough to interfere with independent living,

has as its most common cause Alzheimer's disease,

　a condition

　　that Alois Alzheimer first described in 1906

　　　in a patient

　　　　whose brain showed amyloid plaques and tangled fibers,

　findings

　　that remain central to diagnosis

　　　although researchers,

　　　　who have found

　　　　　that drugs clearing amyloid from the brain slow decline only modestly,

　　　debate whether the plaques drive the disease or merely accompany it,

　a debate

　　that families,

　　　who often notice the first symptoms as repeated questions or missed bills

　　　　rather than outright forgetting,

　　experience less as theory

　　　than as a question of how early to seek assessment,

　　　since an earlier diagnosis allows planning

　　　　even where treatment cannot reverse the damage.

主句

Dementia has as its most common cause Alzheimer's disease.（主詞後先接 which 子句，內含 not...but 並列與形容詞片語，動詞 has 要讀很久才出現）

拆成短句

失智症最常見的成因是阿茲海默症。（主句，has as its most common cause）

失智症不是單一疾病。（which 關係子句，not...but）

它是一個統稱，指記憶、推理與日常功能的衰退。（an umbrella term for）

這種衰退嚴重到妨礙獨立生活。（severe enough to）

阿茲海默症是一種疾病。（同位語 a condition）

阿茲海默在 1906 年首次描述它。（that 關係子句，first described）

他描述的病人腦中有類澱粉斑塊與纏結纖維。（in a patient whose 子句）

這些發現是一些結果。（同位語 findings）

這些發現至今仍是診斷的核心。（that 子句，remain central）

研究者發現清除腦中類澱粉的藥物只能略微減緩衰退。（who 關係子句，插在 researchers 與 debate 之間）

研究者仍爭論斑塊是驅動疾病還是只是伴隨。（debate whether，間接問句，although 子句）

這是一場爭論。（同位語 a debate）

家屬常把最初症狀察覺為重複發問或漏繳帳單。（who 關係子句，notice as）

這些症狀不是明顯的遺忘。（rather than 片語）

家屬體會到的與其說是理論。（that 子句，families 為主詞，動詞 experience，less...than）

不如說是該多早尋求評估的問題。（than 片語，how early to 不定詞）

因為較早診斷可讓人預做規劃。（since 子句）

即使治療無法逆轉損害也是如此。（even where 子句）

參考翻譯

失智症不是單一疾病，而是記憶、推理與日常功能衰退到妨礙獨立生活的統稱，最常見的成因是阿茲海默於 1906 年首次描述的阿茲海默症，他的病人腦中有類澱粉斑塊與纏結纖維，這些發現至今仍是診斷的核心，儘管研究者發現清除腦中類澱粉的藥物只能略微減緩衰退，仍爭論斑塊是驅動疾病還是只是伴隨；這場爭論，對常把最初症狀察覺為重複發問或漏繳帳單而非明顯遺忘的家屬而言，與其說是理論，不如說是該多早尋求評估的問題，因為即使治療無法逆轉損害，較早診斷仍可讓人預做規劃。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的主詞 Insomnia 後面先接兩個以 and 並列的 which 子句，第一個的 which 是 defines 的受詞，內含 as 片語與三個並列動名詞，第二個內含 such as 片語與 before 子句，動詞 affects 要讀很久才出現。句尾 a prevalence 是前面 affects 句的同位語，其後兩個 that 子句以 and 並列：前者 researchers 與 attribute 之間插了 noting 片語，後者 clinicians 與 contrast 之間插了 who 子句，內含 because 子句，句尾再接 which 子句。

例句二的主詞 Amnesia 後面先接兩個以 and 並列的 which 子句，被動語態的 is commonly divided 要讀很久才出現。anterograde amnesia 與 retrograde amnesia 之後各接一個同位語。句尾 a distinction 是前面整個 divided 句的同位語，其 that 子句中，neuroscientists 與 treat 之間插了 citing 片語，內含 whose 與 who 兩個並列子句，其中 although 子句又插在 could not retain 之後。a conclusion 是第二層同位語，其 that 子句中，researchers 與 extended 之間又插了 who 子句，內含 without 加動名詞完成式。

例句三的主詞 Dementia 後面先接 which 子句，內含 not...but 並列與 severe enough to 片語，動詞 has 要讀很久才出現。has as its most common cause 是倒裝式的受詞結構，意思是「最常見的成因是」。句尾 a condition 與 findings 是兩層同位語，後者的 that 子句內，although 子句中 researchers 與 debate 之間插了 who 子句。a debate 是再下一層同位語，其 that 子句中，families 與 experience 之間又插了 who 子句，後面以 less...than 比較，再接 since 子句與 even where 子句。

另外，這三個主題屬於醫學與神經科學，我採描述性寫法，不構成醫療建議。若有睡眠、記憶或認知方面的困擾，請向合格醫師諮詢。美國睡眠醫學會的界定、莫萊森 1953 年手術與鏡像描繪作業、阿茲海默 1906 年的病例等，取自一般廣泛引用的資料；失眠盛行率「約十分之一」為概數，各研究數字不同，若要用於正式教材，建議再核對原典與最新資料。