從夫居 從妻居 入贅(文化人類學）

第二句的從妻居是指居住模式，第三句的入贅則是附帶繼嗣義務的婚姻形式，兩者在人類學上有所區別。

第一句：從夫居 virilocal（80 字）

In anthropological studies of kinship, the virilocal arrangements requiring newlywed couples to settle in the husband's family household and expecting wives to adapt to unfamiliar domestic routines were residential norms that were reinforced by patrilineal inheritance, which were either praised for preserving lineage continuity or criticized by scholars who were concerned that female relocation weakened women's bargaining power, thereby concentrating property within male lines by transferring brides and sustaining patriarchal authority across agrarian societies that had long prized male heirs.

1. 結構破解

In anthropological studies of kinship,

the virilocal arrangements

requiring newlywed couples to settle in the husband's family household

and expecting wives to adapt to unfamiliar domestic routines

were residential norms

that were reinforced by patrilineal inheritance,

which were either praised for preserving lineage continuity

or criticized by scholars

who were concerned that female relocation weakened women's bargaining power,

thereby concentrating property within male lines

by transferring brides

and sustaining patriarchal authority

across agrarian societies

that had long prized male heirs.

2. 分解為短句

In anthropological studies of kinship, the virilocal arrangements were residential norms.（主句骨架）

The arrangements required newlywed couples to settle in the husband's family household and expected wives to adapt to unfamiliar domestic routines.

The residential norms were reinforced by patrilineal inheritance.

The norms were either praised for preserving lineage continuity or criticized by scholars.

The scholars were concerned that female relocation weakened women's bargaining power.

This concentrated property within male lines by transferring brides and sustaining patriarchal authority across agrarian societies.

The societies had long prized male heirs.

3. 參考譯文

在親屬關係的人類學研究中，要求新婚夫妻定居於丈夫家戶、並期待妻子適應陌生家務節奏的從夫居安排，是由父系繼承所強化的居住規範；這些規範若非因保存世系延續而受稱讚，就是受到擔憂女性遷居削弱婦女議價能力的學者所批評，從而藉由轉移新娘並維繫父權權威，在長期重視男性繼承人的農業社會中，把財產集中於男性世系之內。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

requiring / expecting：現在分詞片語，取代 which required... and expected...

require A to + V：要求 A 做……；expect A to + V：期待 A 做……

virilocal：「從夫居」，拉丁文 vir（男人）＋ -local；近義詞 patrilocal

be concerned that + 子句：擔憂……

bargaining power：「議價能力、談判籌碼」

patrilineal：「父系的」；lineage：「世系」

prize：此處作動詞，「珍視、重視」

第二句：從妻居 uxorilocal（84 字）

In cross-cultural research on matrilineal societies, the uxorilocal customs allowing husbands to join their wives' households and entrusting women with land and ancestral rituals were residential patterns that were sustained by female-centered kinship, which were either valued for strengthening bonds among sisters and mothers or misunderstood by observers who were accustomed to assuming that men naturally controlled domestic authority, thereby protecting women's economic security by anchoring inheritance in maternal lines and challenging assumptions that had long dominated early ethnographic comparisons across many agricultural communities.

1. 結構破解

In cross-cultural research on matrilineal societies,

the uxorilocal customs

allowing husbands to join their wives' households

and entrusting women with land and ancestral rituals

were residential patterns

that were sustained by female-centered kinship,

which were either valued for strengthening bonds among sisters and mothers

or misunderstood by observers

who were accustomed to assuming that men naturally controlled domestic authority,

thereby protecting women's economic security

by anchoring inheritance in maternal lines

and challenging assumptions

that had long dominated early ethnographic comparisons

across many agricultural communities.

2. 分解為短句

In cross-cultural research on matrilineal societies, the uxorilocal customs were residential patterns.（主句骨架）

The customs allowed husbands to join their wives' households and entrusted women with land and ancestral rituals.

The residential patterns were sustained by female-centered kinship.

The patterns were either valued for strengthening bonds among sisters and mothers or misunderstood by observers.

The observers were accustomed to assuming that men naturally controlled domestic authority.

This protected women's economic security by anchoring inheritance in maternal lines and challenging assumptions across many agricultural communities.

The assumptions had long dominated early ethnographic comparisons.

3. 參考譯文

在對母系社會的跨文化研究中，允許丈夫加入妻子家戶、並把土地與祖先儀式託付給女性的從妻居習俗，是由以女性為中心的親屬關係所維繫的居住模式；這些習俗若非因強化姊妹與母親之間的紐帶而受重視，就是被習慣假定男性理所當然掌控家內權威的觀察者所誤解，從而藉由把繼承錨定於母系世系並挑戰長期主導早期民族誌比較的假定，在許多農業社群中保障了女性的經濟安全。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

allowing / entrusting：現在分詞片語，取代 which allowed... and entrusted...

entrust A with B：把 B 託付給 A（with 後接託付之物）

uxorilocal：「從妻居」，拉丁文 uxor（妻子）＋ -local；近義詞 matrilocal

be accustomed to + V-ing：習慣於……（to 為介系詞，不是不定詞）

anchor A in B：把 A 錨定於 B

matrilineal：「母系的」；ethnographic：「民族誌的」

cross-cultural：「跨文化的」

第三句：入贅 uxorilocal marriage（84 字）

In studies of traditional Chinese family law, the uxorilocal marriages allowing sonless households to recruit a son-in-law and requiring him to live with his wife's parents and continue her family line were exceptional contracts that were arranged by anxious families, which were either tolerated as practical solutions to heirlessness or stigmatized by neighbors who were inclined to regard such husbands as dependents, thereby preserving ancestral sacrifices by enlisting outside men and exposing the gendered hierarchy that had been privileging patrilineal descent across rural communities.

1. 結構破解

In studies of traditional Chinese family law,

the uxorilocal marriages

allowing sonless households to recruit a son-in-law

and requiring him to live with his wife's parents and continue her family line

were exceptional contracts

that were arranged by anxious families,

which were either tolerated as practical solutions to heirlessness

or stigmatized by neighbors

who were inclined to regard such husbands as dependents,

thereby preserving ancestral sacrifices

by enlisting outside men

and exposing the gendered hierarchy

that had been privileging patrilineal descent

across rural communities.

2. 分解為短句

In studies of traditional Chinese family law, the uxorilocal marriages were exceptional contracts.（主句骨架）

The marriages allowed sonless households to recruit a son-in-law and required him to live with his wife's parents and continue her family line.

The exceptional contracts were arranged by anxious families.

The contracts were either tolerated as practical solutions to heirlessness or stigmatized by neighbors.

The neighbors were inclined to regard such husbands as dependents.

This preserved ancestral sacrifices by enlisting outside men and exposed the gendered hierarchy across rural communities.

The hierarchy had been privileging patrilineal descent.

3. 參考譯文

在傳統中國家族法的研究中，允許無子家戶招納女婿、並要求他與岳父母同住且延續妻方家系的入贅婚，是由焦慮的家庭所安排的例外性契約；這些契約若非被容忍為解決無嗣問題的務實辦法，就是受到傾向把這類丈夫視為依附者的鄰人所汙名化，從而藉由招納外來男性來維繫祖先祭祀，並揭露了在農村社群中長期偏袒父系血統的性別階序。

4. 組合寫作練習（請勿看例句，嘗試將短句組回原長句）

5. 補充說明

allowing / requiring：現在分詞片語，取代 which allowed... and required...

allow A to + V：允許 A 做……

uxorilocal marriage：「入贅婚」，是婚姻形式；uxorilocal 單獨使用則多指居住模式

be inclined to + V：傾向於……（to 為不定詞）

regard A as B：把 A 視為 B

heirlessness：「無嗣」；son-in-law：「女婿」

ancestral sacrifices：「祖先祭祀」；privilege：此處作動詞，「偏袒、給予優待」

stigmatize：「汙名化」；dependent：「依附者」

三句皆沿用原骨架：主句為「名詞＋現在分詞片語＋were＋名詞」，接 that 子句、which were either...or...，最後以 thereby＋V-ing 收尾。