學術型超複雜文法結構長難句破解示範 (自戀性人格障礙)(戀童症與羅莉妲情結)(伊卡盧斯情結)

丁連財學術型超複雜文法結構長難句破解示範

(自戀性人格障礙)(戀童症與羅莉妲情結)(伊卡盧斯情結)

例句一(心理學:自戀性人格障礙)

原句

Clinical psychologists who study narcissistic personality disorder, noting that the diagnosis, which the American Psychiatric Association's manual describes as a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy beginning by early adulthood, applies only when such traits are rigid enough to cause distress or impair work and relationships, and that many people with the condition, who may appear confident and charming, privately depend on others' praise to protect a fragile sense of self-worth, argue that the disorder is better understood as a defense against shame than as simple self-love, a view that explains why sufferers often react to even mild criticism with rage or withdrawal.

斷行排列

Clinical psychologists

 who study narcissistic personality disorder,

 noting that the diagnosis,

  which the American Psychiatric Association's manual describes

   as a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

   beginning by early adulthood,

 applies only when such traits are rigid enough

  to cause distress or impair work and relationships,

 and that many people with the condition,

  who may appear confident and charming,

  privately depend on others' praise

   to protect a fragile sense of self-worth,

argue

 that the disorder is better understood

  as a defense against shame

  than as simple self-love,

 a view

  that explains why sufferers often react to even mild criticism

  with rage or withdrawal.

主句

Clinical psychologists argue that the disorder is better understood as a defense against shame than as simple self-love.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

臨床心理學者提出主張。(主句)

這些學者研究自戀性人格障礙。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)

這項診斷有其適用條件。(第一個 that 子句,主詞 the diagnosis)

美國精神醫學會的手冊把它描述為一種普遍的模式,包含誇大、需要被欽佩與缺乏同理心。(which 非限定關係子句,插在主詞與動詞之間,describe A as B)

這種模式從成年早期就已開始。(現在分詞片語 beginning by)

只有當這些特質僵固到足以造成痛苦或損害工作與人際關係時,這項診斷才適用。(applies only when,形容詞 + enough to do 不定詞)

許多患者的情況是另一件事。(第二個 that 子句,與前者並列,主詞 many people with the condition)

這些患者可能看起來自信又有魅力。(who 關係子句,插在主詞與動詞之間)

他們私底下卻依賴他人的讚美。(動詞 depend on)

目的是保護脆弱的自我價值感。(不定詞片語表目的)

這種障礙,與其說是單純的自愛。(argue 的受詞 that 子句,better... than... 比較結構)

不如說是對羞恥感的一種防衛。(as a defense against shame)

這種看法,解釋了為何患者即使面對輕微的批評,也常以暴怒或退縮回應。(同位語 a view,that 關係子句,內含 why 名詞子句)

中譯

研究自戀性人格障礙的臨床心理學者注意到,這項診斷,美國精神醫學會的手冊描述為一種從成年早期就開始的、包含誇大、需要被欽佩與缺乏同理心的普遍模式,只有在這些特質僵固到足以造成痛苦或損害工作與人際關係時才適用,而許多患者,可能看起來自信又有魅力,私底下卻依賴他人的讚美來保護脆弱的自我價值感,因而主張,這種障礙,與其說是單純的自愛,不如說是對羞恥感的一種防衛,這種看法解釋了為何患者即使面對輕微的批評,也常以暴怒或退縮回應。

補充說明

自戀性人格障礙是診斷手冊(DSM)中的正式診斷,與日常口語說某人「很自戀」不同。診斷需由專業人員評估,不能只憑幾項特質就下判斷。原句的 "defense against shame" 是臨床上的一種解釋觀點,並非所有學派都同意,宜再查專書。

例句二(精神醫學與文學:戀童症與羅莉妲情結)

原句

Psychiatrists who distinguish pedophilic disorder from the so-called Lolita complex, noting that the former, which the diagnostic manual defines as recurrent and intense sexual urges or fantasies involving prepubescent children that persist for at least six months, is diagnosed only when the person has acted on them or been seriously distressed by them, and that the latter, a popular label drawn from Vladimir Nabokov's 1955 novel, whose narrator is obsessed with a twelve-year-old girl, has no standing as a clinical diagnosis, argue that the label is harmful, because it casts the child as a temptress and so shifts responsibility from the adult to the victim, a distortion that child-protection advocates urge the public to reject.

斷行排列

Psychiatrists

 who distinguish pedophilic disorder from the so-called Lolita complex,

 noting that the former,

  which the diagnostic manual defines

   as recurrent and intense sexual urges or fantasies

   involving prepubescent children

   that persist for at least six months,

 is diagnosed only when the person has acted on them

  or been seriously distressed by them,

 and that the latter,

  a popular label

   drawn from Vladimir Nabokov's 1955 novel,

   whose narrator is obsessed with a twelve-year-old girl,

 has no standing as a clinical diagnosis,

argue

 that the label is harmful,

  because it casts the child as a temptress

  and so shifts responsibility from the adult to the victim,

 a distortion

  that child-protection advocates urge the public to reject.

主句

Psychiatrists argue that the label is harmful because it casts the child as a temptress and so shifts responsibility from the adult to the victim.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

精神科醫師提出主張。(主句)

這些醫師區分戀童症與所謂的羅莉妲情結。(who 關係子句,distinguish A from B)

他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)

前者是正式的臨床診斷。(第一個 that 子句,the former 指戀童症)

診斷手冊把它定義為反覆而強烈的性衝動或幻想,對象是尚未進入青春期的兒童。(which 非限定關係子句,插在主詞與動詞之間,define A as B)

這種狀態持續至少六個月。(that 關係子句,修飾 urges or fantasies)

只有當當事人已付諸行動,或因此深感痛苦時,才會做出診斷。(is diagnosed only when,兩個並列的過去分詞片語意義:has acted on / been distressed by)

後者則是另一回事。(第二個 that 子句,與前者並列,the latter 指羅莉妲情結)

它是個通俗的稱呼,取自納博科夫1955年的小說。(同位語 a popular label,過去分詞片語 drawn from)

這部小說的敘事者迷戀一名十二歲女孩。(whose 關係子句)

這個稱呼在臨床上不具診斷地位。(has no standing as...)

這個稱呼是有害的。(argue 的受詞 that 子句主結構)

因為它把孩子塑造成誘惑者。(because 子句,cast A as B)

因而把責任從成人轉嫁到受害者身上。(並列動詞 shifts,so 表結果)

這是一種扭曲。(同位語 a distortion)

兒童保護倡議者敦促社會大眾拒絕這種扭曲。(that 關係子句,urge sb to do)

中譯

區分戀童症與所謂羅莉妲情結的精神科醫師注意到,前者,診斷手冊定義為持續至少六個月、針對未進入青春期兒童的反覆而強烈的性衝動或幻想,只有在當事人已付諸行動或因此深感痛苦時才會被診斷,而後者,一個取自納博科夫1955年小說的通俗稱呼,小說的敘事者迷戀一名十二歲女孩,在臨床上不具診斷地位,因而主張,這個稱呼是有害的,因為它把孩子塑造成誘惑者,因而把責任從成人轉嫁到受害者身上,兒童保護倡議者敦促社會大眾拒絕這種扭曲。

補充說明

戀童症(pedophilic disorder)是 DSM 中的診斷,指的是對性的衝動與幻想;並非所有性侵兒童者都符合此診斷,也不是所有符合者都已有加害行為。無論有無診斷,對兒童的性接觸都是成人的加害行為,責任在成人。「羅莉妲情結」(Lolita complex)是通俗用語,來自納博科夫的小說《羅莉塔》,書中敘事者以自我辯護的口吻美化自己的行為,許多評論者認為小說的用意正是讓讀者看穿這種辯解。日語中另有相近的「ロリコン」一詞,意涵與用法不同。定義細節宜查最新版診斷手冊。

例句三(心理學與神話:伊卡盧斯情結)

原句

Psychologists who borrow the term Icarus complex from Greek myth, noting that Icarus, whom his father Daedalus had warned not to fly too close to the sun, ignored the advice and plunged into the sea when the wax holding his wings together melted, and that the psychologist Henry Murray, who used the label in the 1950s to describe ambition fused with a dread of failure, treated the myth as an emblem of aspiration that outruns ability, argue that the complex, which is not a formal diagnosis, describes people who set goals so far beyond their means that failure becomes nearly certain, less because they lack talent than because they cannot accept limits, a flaw that the ancient Greeks, who prized moderation, called hubris.

斷行排列

Psychologists

 who borrow the term Icarus complex from Greek myth,

 noting that Icarus,

  whom his father Daedalus had warned

   not to fly too close to the sun,

 ignored the advice

 and plunged into the sea

  when the wax

   holding his wings together

  melted,

 and that the psychologist Henry Murray,

  who used the label in the 1950s

   to describe ambition fused with a dread of failure,

 treated the myth as an emblem of aspiration

  that outruns ability,

argue

 that the complex,

  which is not a formal diagnosis,

 describes people

  who set goals so far beyond their means

  that failure becomes nearly certain,

  less because they lack talent

  than because they cannot accept limits,

 a flaw

  that the ancient Greeks,

   who prized moderation,

  called hubris.

主句

Psychologists argue that the complex describes people who set goals so far beyond their means that failure becomes nearly certain.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

心理學者提出主張。(主句)

這些學者從希臘神話借用「伊卡盧斯情結」一詞。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)

伊卡盧斯無視建議。(第一個 that 子句,主詞 Icarus)

他的父親代達羅斯曾警告他不要飛得太靠近太陽。(whom 非限定關係子句,過去完成式,warn sb not to do)

當固定雙翼的蠟熔化時,他墜入海中。(並列動詞 plunged,when 子句,現在分詞片語 holding)

心理學家亨利.莫瑞是另一個注意點。(第二個 that 子句,與前者並列)

莫瑞在1950年代使用這個稱呼,來描述與失敗恐懼交織的野心。(who 關係子句,不定詞表目的,過去分詞片語 fused with)

他把這則神話視為一種象徵。(treat A as B)

它象徵著超出能力的抱負。(that 關係子句,outrun)

這個情結描述一種人。(argue 的受詞 that 子句主結構)

這個情結並非正式診斷。(which 非限定關係子句,插在主詞與動詞之間)

這種人設定的目標遠遠超出自身的能力。(who 關係子句,so... that... 結果結構)

以致失敗幾乎成為必然。(that 子句)

這與其說是因為缺乏才能。(less because... 比較結構)

不如說是因為無法接受限制。(than because...)

這是一種缺陷。(同位語 a flaw)

看重節制的古希臘人把它稱為「傲慢」。(that 關係子句,who 關係子句插入,call sth sth)

中譯

從希臘神話借用「伊卡盧斯情結」一詞的心理學者注意到,伊卡盧斯,他的父親代達羅斯曾警告他不要飛得太靠近太陽,無視這個建議,在固定雙翼的蠟熔化時墜入海中,而心理學家亨利.莫瑞,在1950年代使用這個稱呼來描述與失敗恐懼交織的野心,把這則神話視為超出能力的抱負的象徵,因而主張,這個情結,並非正式診斷,描述的是這樣的人,他們設定的目標遠遠超出自身的能力,以致失敗幾乎成為必然,與其說是因為缺乏才能,不如說是因為無法接受限制,這種缺陷,看重節制的古希臘人稱之為「傲慢」。

補充說明

伊卡盧斯情結並非 DSM 的正式診斷,屬於心理學與通俗文化中的描述性用語。神話中代達羅斯為自己與兒子以羽毛與蠟製作雙翼,逃離克里特島的迷宮。莫瑞的論述與年份宜再查專書核對。原句中 "hubris"(傲慢、狂妄)是古希臘悲劇與倫理的核心概念,常導致人物遭到報應。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的主詞 Clinical psychologists 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語,片語內第一個 that 子句,主詞 the diagnosis 與動詞 applies 之間,插入 which 子句,內含 describe A as B 與現在分詞 beginning;第二個 that 子句,主詞 many people 與動詞 depend 之間,再插入 who 子句。動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現。argue 之後,better... than... 比較結構與句尾同位語 a view 層層堆疊,閱讀時要把 that 子句內的 why 名詞子句獨立看待。

例句二的主詞 Psychiatrists 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語,片語內第一個 that 子句,主詞 the former 與動詞 is diagnosed 之間,插入 which 子句,內含 define A as B 與 that 關係子句;第二個 that 子句,主詞 the latter 之後,同位語 a popular label 帶出過去分詞片語 drawn from 與 whose 子句,才接動詞 has。動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現。argue 之後,because 子句內有兩個並列動詞 casts 與 shifts,句尾同位語 a distortion 再帶出 that 關係子句。

例句三的主詞 Psychologists 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語,片語內第一個 that 子句,主詞 Icarus 與動詞 ignored 之間,插入 whom 子句,內含過去完成式與 warn sb not to do;兩個並列動詞 ignored 與 plunged 之後,when 子句內又套現在分詞片語 holding;第二個 that 子句,主詞 Henry Murray 與動詞 treated 之間,插入 who 子句。動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現。argue 之後,the complex 與 describes 之間,被 which 子句隔開;who 子句內有 so... that... 結構,再接 less... than... 比較結構與句尾同位語 a flaw,閱讀時要自行補上關係詞。

三句只是陳述心理學、精神醫學與神話研究的一般論述,診斷標準、年份與學者見解宜另查專書。三個主題中,自戀性人格障礙與戀童症屬於臨床診斷,需由專業人員評估;伊卡盧斯情結與羅莉妲情結則是通俗或描述性的用語。

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