哲學 宗教 文學理論各一個學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範
例句一(哲學)
原句
Kant's contention that the categories of the understanding, which structure all possible experience, cannot be derived from experience itself, thereby rendering them a priori, led later idealists to argue that the mind, far from passively receiving a world that exists independently of it, actively constitutes the very objects it claims merely to know.
斷行排列
Kant's contention
that the categories of the understanding,
which structure all possible experience,
cannot be derived from experience itself,
thereby rendering them a priori,
led later idealists to argue
that the mind,
far from passively receiving a world
that exists independently of it,
actively constitutes the very objects
it claims merely to know.
主句
Kant's contention led later idealists to argue that…(contention 是主詞,後接同位語子句;led...to argue 是動詞結構)
拆成短句
康德的主張使後來的觀念論者得出一個論點。(主句,lead + 受詞 + 不定詞)
康德主張知性範疇不可能從經驗本身推導出來。(that 同位語子句,說明 contention 的內容)
這些範疇構成一切可能經驗的結構。(which 非限定關係子句)
這使得範疇成為先天的。(thereby rendering,現在分詞片語,表結果)
心靈主動構成對象。(argue 的受詞子句)
心靈並非被動接受一個世界。(far from + 動名詞,表「絕非」)
那個世界獨立於心靈而存在。(that 關係子句)
心靈自稱只是在認識那些對象。(省略 that 的關係子句,修飾 objects)
中譯
康德主張,構成一切可能經驗之結構的知性範疇,不可能從經驗本身推導出來,因而是先天的;這項主張使後來的觀念論者進一步論證,心靈絕非被動接受一個獨立於它而存在的世界,而是主動構成了它自稱只是在認識的那些對象。
例句二(宗教)
原句
Whereas earlier scholars of religion, assuming that ritual was merely the enactment of beliefs already held, treated myth as the primary object of study, Durkheim's successors, convinced that what binds a community together is not shared doctrine but shared practice, shifted attention toward the collective performances through which a group renews its sense of the sacred.
斷行排列
Whereas earlier scholars of religion,
assuming that ritual was merely the enactment of beliefs
already held,
treated myth as the primary object of study,
Durkheim's successors,
convinced that what binds a community together
is not shared doctrine
but shared practice,
shifted attention toward the collective performances
through which a group renews its sense of the sacred.
主句
Durkheim's successors shifted attention toward the collective performances.(Whereas 子句是對比副詞子句,真正的主句在第二個逗號之後)
拆成短句
涂爾幹的後繼者把注意力轉向集體儀式表演。(主句)
早期宗教學者把神話當作主要研究對象。(Whereas 子句,表對比)
他們假定儀式只是信仰的演出。(assuming,現在分詞片語,主詞同為 earlier scholars)
那些信仰是早已被持有的。(already held,過去分詞片語修飾 beliefs)
後繼者深信某種東西把社群凝聚在一起。(convinced,過去分詞片語,等於被動式關係子句)
那東西不是共享的教義。(what 子句內的 not...but... 對比)
那東西是共享的實踐。
群體透過這些表演更新其神聖感。(through which 關係子句)
中譯
早期宗教學者假定儀式不過是對既有信仰的演出,因而把神話視為主要研究對象;涂爾幹的後繼者則深信,把社群凝聚起來的不是共享的教義,而是共享的實踐,因此將注意力轉向那些讓群體得以藉以更新其神聖感的集體儀式表演。
例句三(文學理論)
原句
What Barthes, in announcing the death of the author, sought to dislodge was not the historical fact that texts are written by individuals, but the critical habit of treating an author's biography and intentions as a final authority that, once consulted, closes off the plurality of meanings which a text, being woven from prior discourses, inevitably carries.
斷行排列
What Barthes,
in announcing the death of the author,
sought to dislodge
was not the historical fact
that texts are written by individuals,
but the critical habit
of treating an author's biography and intentions
as a final authority
that,
once consulted,
closes off the plurality of meanings
which a text,
being woven from prior discourses,
inevitably carries.
主句
What Barthes sought to dislodge was not X but Y.(名詞子句當主詞,用 not...but... 連接兩個補語)
拆成短句
某件事是巴特想要動搖的。(what 子句,即全句主詞)
他當時正宣告作者之死。(in announcing,介系詞 + 動名詞,插入片語)
那件事不是歷史事實。(not X)
文本由個人寫成是歷史事實。(that 同位語子句)
那件事是一種批評習慣。(but Y)
這習慣把作者的生平與意圖視為最終權威。(of + 動名詞,as 片語)
這權威一經查閱,就封閉了意義的多元性。(that 關係子句,內含 once consulted)
文本本身承載著這些多元意義。(which 關係子句)
文本是由先前的論述編織而成的。(being woven,現在分詞片語,表原因)
中譯
巴特宣告作者已死時,想要動搖的並非「文本由個人寫成」這項歷史事實,而是一種批評習慣:把作者的生平與意圖當作最終權威,一經查閱,就封閉了文本因由先前論述編織而成而必然承載的意義多元性。
三句的共同提醒
例句一的 thereby rendering 是現在分詞片語,表結果,要和前面整個 that 子句連起來看,不是只修飾 experience。
例句二的 assuming 與 convinced 都是插在主詞與動詞之間的分詞片語,先擋住,就能看出 earlier scholars...treated 和 successors...shifted 兩條主幹。
例句三的 What 子句要讀到 was 才完整,之後 not...but... 對比兩個名詞片語,最後一層 that、which 子句逐層嵌套,建議從最內層往外讀。
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