商鞅、張居正、李鴻章 三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

商鞅、張居正、李鴻章　

三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

例句一（商鞅）

原句

Shang Yang, whom Duke Xiao of Qin appointed chief minister in the fourth century BCE and whose reforms, which replaced hereditary privilege with rewards for military merit and tied households into mutual responsibility groups, were meant to turn a peripheral state into a disciplined war machine, was executed by the nobles he had offended once his patron died, a fate that later Confucian critics, who condemned his harsh penal code as proof of a state ruling by fear, cited as a warning, although historians, noting that Qin's eventual conquest of its rivals built on his institutions, regard the reforms as foundational.

斷行排列

Shang Yang,

　whom Duke Xiao of Qin appointed chief minister in the fourth century BCE

　and whose reforms,

　　which replaced hereditary privilege with rewards for military merit

　　and tied households into mutual responsibility groups,

　　were meant to turn a peripheral state into a disciplined war machine,

was executed by the nobles

　he had offended once his patron died,

　a fate

　　that later Confucian critics,

　　　who condemned his harsh penal code as proof of a state ruling by fear,

　　cited as a warning,

　　although historians,

　　　noting that Qin's eventual conquest of its rivals built on his institutions,

　　regard the reforms as foundational.

主句

Shang Yang was executed by the nobles he had offended.（主詞後先接 whom 與 whose 兩個並列子句，whose 子句內再嵌 which 子句與被動不定詞，動詞 was executed 要讀很久才出現）

拆成短句

商鞅被他得罪的貴族處死。（主句，被動語態，he had offended 為省略關係詞的子句）

秦孝公在公元前四世紀任命他為相。（whom 關係子句，whom 為 appointed 的受詞）

他的改革意在把邊陲小國變成紀律嚴明的戰爭機器。（and whose 並列，were meant to）

改革以軍功賞賜取代世襲特權。（which 關係子句，replaced...with）

改革也把家戶編入連坐的互保組。（並列動詞 tied...into）

處死發生在他的靠山過世之後。（once 子句）

這是一種下場。（同位語 a fate）

後世儒家批評者把它當作警告。（that 子句，critics 為主詞，動詞 cited as）

這些批評者譴責他嚴苛的刑法，視之為國家以恐懼統治的證據。（who 關係子句，condemned...as，插在 critics 與 cited 之間）

然而歷史學者視這些改革為奠基性的。（although 子句，historians 為主詞，動詞 regard...as）

歷史學者注意到秦後來征服對手，是建立在他的制度之上。（noting，現在分詞片語，內含 that 子句）

參考翻譯

商鞅由秦孝公於公元前四世紀任命為相，他的改革以軍功賞賜取代世襲特權，並把家戶編入連坐的互保組，意在把邊陲小國變成紀律嚴明的戰爭機器，但在靠山過世後，他被自己得罪的貴族處死，後世儒家批評者譴責他嚴苛的刑法，視之為國家以恐懼統治的證據，並以這種下場作為警告，然而歷史學者注意到秦後來征服對手是建立在他的制度之上，因而視這些改革為奠基性的。

例句二（張居正）

原句

Zhang Juzheng, who served as grand secretary under the young Wanli Emperor from 1572 until his death a decade later, and who, by surveying farmland, tightening the examination of officials, and consolidating many taxes and labor duties into a single payment in silver, restored a treasury that decades of waste had emptied, was stripped of his honors after death by a court that, resenting the tutor whose strict supervision had constrained the emperor's youth, found in his conduct a pretext for revenge, a reversal that historians, who credit his reforms with prolonging the dynasty, treat as a lesson about reformers who depend entirely on one patron.

斷行排列

Zhang Juzheng,

　who served as grand secretary under the young Wanli Emperor

　　from 1572 until his death a decade later,

　and who,

　　by surveying farmland,

　　tightening the examination of officials,

　　and consolidating many taxes and labor duties into a single payment in silver,

　restored a treasury

　　that decades of waste had emptied,

was stripped of his honors after death

　by a court

　　that,

　　　resenting the tutor

　　　　whose strict supervision had constrained the emperor's youth,

　　found in his conduct a pretext for revenge,

　a reversal

　　that historians,

　　　who credit his reforms with prolonging the dynasty,

　　treat as a lesson

　　　about reformers who depend entirely on one patron.

主句

Zhang Juzheng was stripped of his honors after death by a court.（主詞後先接兩個並列的 who 子句，第二個內含 by 加三個並列動名詞，動詞 was stripped 要讀很久才出現）

拆成短句

張居正在死後被朝廷剝奪榮銜。（主句，被動語態，by a court）

他從 1572 年起擔任年輕萬曆皇帝的內閣首輔，直到十年後去世。（who 關係子句，served as...from...until）

他丈量田地。（and who 並列，by 加動名詞 surveying）

他整頓官員的考核。（並列動名詞 tightening）

他把多種賦稅與徭役合併為一次繳銀。（並列動名詞 consolidating...into）

他以這些作為重新充實了國庫。（restored，主詞 who 與動詞之間插了 by 片語）

這座國庫曾被數十年的浪費掏空。（that 關係子句，過去完成式 had emptied）

這個朝廷怨恨身為老師的他。（resenting，現在分詞片語，插在 that 與 found 之間）

他的嚴格管束限制了皇帝的少年時光。（whose 關係子句）

朝廷在他的行為中找到報復的藉口。（that 關係子句，found...a pretext）

這是一次翻轉。（同位語 a reversal）

歷史學者視它為教訓。（that 子句，historians 為主詞，動詞 treat as）

歷史學者肯定他的改革延長了王朝壽命。（who 關係子句，credit...with，插在 historians 與 treat 之間）

這教訓關於完全依賴單一靠山的改革者。（about 片語，who 關係子句）

參考翻譯

張居正從 1572 年起擔任年輕萬曆皇帝的內閣首輔，直到十年後去世，他以丈量田地、整頓官員考核、把多種賦稅與徭役合併為一次繳銀，重新充實了被數十年浪費掏空的國庫，卻在死後被朝廷剝奪榮銜，朝廷怨恨這位嚴格管束皇帝少年時光的老師，在他的行為中找到報復的藉口，歷史學者肯定他的改革延長了王朝壽命，視這次翻轉為一則教訓，提醒完全依賴單一靠山的改革者。

例句三（李鴻章）

原句

Li Hongzhang, who rose by raising the Huai Army, a regional force loyal to him personally, to help suppress the Taiping rebellion and who then, as governor-general of Zhili, directed self-strengthening projects that built arsenals, steamship lines, and a modern navy, was sent to Japan in 1895 to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki after the war that destroyed that navy, a humiliation that many Chinese, who had once admired his pragmatism, held against him, although scholars, observing that he negotiated with little power and few options, describe him as a servant of a dynasty that no single minister could have saved.

斷行排列

Li Hongzhang,

　who rose by raising the Huai Army,

　　a regional force loyal to him personally,

　　to help suppress the Taiping rebellion

　and who then,

　　as governor-general of Zhili,

　directed self-strengthening projects

　　that built arsenals, steamship lines, and a modern navy,

was sent to Japan in 1895

　to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki

　　after the war

　　　that destroyed that navy,

　a humiliation

　　that many Chinese,

　　　who had once admired his pragmatism,

　　held against him,

　　although scholars,

　　　observing that he negotiated with little power and few options,

　　describe him as a servant of a dynasty

　　　that no single minister could have saved.

主句

Li Hongzhang was sent to Japan in 1895 to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki.（主詞後先接兩個以 and 並列的 who 子句，第一個內含同位語與不定詞，第二個內含 as 片語與 that 關係子句，動詞 was sent 要讀很久才出現）

拆成短句

李鴻章在 1895 年被派往日本簽署《馬關條約》。（主句，被動語態，不定詞 to sign）

他起家於組建淮軍。（who 關係子句，rose by 加動名詞）

淮軍是一支對他個人效忠的地方武力。（同位語 a regional force）

淮軍協助鎮壓了太平天國。（不定詞 to help suppress）

他後來以直隸總督的身分主持自強計畫。（and who 並列，directed，as 片語插在 who then 與 directed 之間）

這些計畫建造了兵工廠、輪船航線與一支現代海軍。（that 關係子句，三個並列受詞）

簽約發生在那場摧毀這支海軍的戰爭之後。（after 片語，that 關係子句，destroyed）

這是一種屈辱。（同位語 a humiliation）

許多中國人把它算在他頭上。（that 子句，Chinese 為主詞，動詞 held against）

這些人曾欣賞他的務實。（who 關係子句，過去完成式 had once admired，插在 Chinese 與 held 之間）

然而學者形容他是替一個王朝效力的人。（although 子句，scholars 為主詞，動詞 describe...as）

學者注意到他談判時權力小、選項少。（observing，現在分詞片語）

那個王朝不是任何一位大臣救得了的。（that 關係子句，no single minister could have saved，虛擬語氣）

參考翻譯

李鴻章起家於組建對他個人效忠的地方武力淮軍，協助鎮壓太平天國，後來以直隸總督的身分主持自強計畫，建造了兵工廠、輪船航線與一支現代海軍，卻在 1895 年，也就是這支海軍被那場戰爭摧毀之後，被派往日本簽署《馬關條約》，許多曾欣賞他務實的中國人把這項屈辱算在他頭上，然而學者注意到他談判時權力小、選項少，形容他是替一個任何一位大臣都救不了的王朝效力的人。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的主詞 Shang Yang 後面先接 whom 與 whose 兩個以 and 並列的子句，whose 子句內有 which 關係子句，內含兩個並列動詞 replaced 與 tied，再接被動不定詞 were meant to，動詞 was executed 要讀很久才出現。句尾 a fate 是前面整句的同位語，其 that 子句中，critics 與 cited 之間插了 who 子句，之後以 although 子句收束，historians 與 regard 之間插了 noting 片語。

例句二的主詞 Zhang Juzheng 後面先接兩個以 and 並列的 who 子句，第二個以 by 加三個並列動名詞展開，動詞 was stripped 要讀很久才出現。by a court 之後的 that 子句中，that 與 found 之間插了 resenting 片語，內含 whose 子句。a reversal 是同位語，其 that 子句中，historians 與 treat 之間插了 who 子句。

例句三的主詞 Li Hongzhang 後面先接兩個以 and 並列的 who 子句，第一個內含同位語 a regional force 與不定詞片語，第二個的 who then 與 directed 之間插了 as 片語，動詞 was sent 要讀很久才出現。a humiliation 是同位語，其 that 子句中，Chinese 與 held 之間插了 who 子句，之後以 although 子句收束，scholars 與 describe 之間插了 observing 片語，句尾再接 that 關係子句與虛擬語氣 could have saved。

另外，這三句涉及人物評價，我採描述性寫法並呈現不同評價，不代表我的立場。若要用於正式教材，建議再核對下列細節：

商鞅在秦孝公死後（約公元前 338 年）遭車裂處死；改革包括軍功爵制與什伍連坐。

張居正 1572 年起任首輔，1582 年去世，兩年後遭抄家清算；「合併賦役、折銀繳納」指一條鞭法，但全國推行的程度各地不一。

李鴻章任直隸總督兼北洋通商大臣約 1870–1895 年；淮軍是他在 1860 年代組建的；「遭歷史學者形容為替無法挽救的王朝效力」是常見的詮釋之一，並非定論。