血淚移民史(廣東豬仔與豬花)(日本唐行小姐)(非洲黑奴)三個學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

 例句一(移民史:廣東的豬仔與豬花)

原句

Historians of Chinese migration who study the "piglet" trade, noting that after the Opium Wars brokers in Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macau lured, tricked, or kidnapped poor men into signing contracts for passage to Cuban sugar plantations and Peruvian guano islands, and that women, called "piglet flowers", many of whom were kidnapped or sold, were shipped to brothels in California and Southeast Asia, argue that the traffic, which officials tolerated until reports of deaths and revolts aboard ships led Macau to end it in 1874, was driven less by the migrants' own ambitions than by the profit that brokers made from a poverty worsened by rebellion and famine, a profit that the contract system disguised as voluntary labor.

斷行排列

Historians of Chinese migration

 who study the "piglet" trade,

 noting that after the Opium Wars

  brokers in Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macau

  lured, tricked, or kidnapped poor men

   into signing contracts for passage

    to Cuban sugar plantations and Peruvian guano islands,

 and that women,

  called "piglet flowers",

  many of whom were kidnapped or sold,

  were shipped to brothels in California and Southeast Asia,

argue

 that the traffic,

  which officials tolerated

   until reports of deaths and revolts aboard ships

   led Macau to end it in 1874,

 was driven less by the migrants' own ambitions

 than by the profit

  that brokers made from a poverty

   worsened by rebellion and famine,

 a profit

  that the contract system disguised as voluntary labor.

主句

Historians argue that the traffic was driven less by the migrants' own ambitions than by the profit that brokers made.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

移民史學者提出主張。(主句)

這些學者研究「豬仔」貿易。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)

鴉片戰爭之後,廣東、香港與澳門的掮客誘騙或擄走貧窮男子。(noting 的第一個 that 子句,三個並列動詞)

這些男子被迫簽下契約,成為「豬仔」,前往古巴蔗園與秘魯鳥糞島。(into signing,介係詞後接動名詞)

女子被稱為「豬花」。(過去分詞片語 called)

其中許多人是被擄走或被販賣的。(many of whom 結構)

這些女子被運往加州與東南亞的妓院。(第二個 that 子句,與前者並列,被動語態)

這種「豬仔」販運,官員曾予以容忍。(which 非限定關係子句,插在 traffic 與 was driven 之間)

直到船上死亡與叛變的報導,促使澳門於1874年終止它。(until 子句,內含 lead sb to do)

這種販運與其說是由移民自己的抱負所推動。(argue 的受詞 that 子句,被動語態,less...than... 比較結構)

不如說是由掮客的利潤所推動。(than by the profit,that 關係子句)

這些利潤來自一種貧窮。(from a poverty)

這種貧窮因叛亂與饑荒而加劇。(過去分詞片語 worsened)

契約制度把這種利潤偽裝成自願勞動。(同位語 a profit,that 關係子句)

中譯

研究中國移民的史學者注意到,鴉片戰爭之後,廣東、香港與澳門的掮客誘騙或擄走貧窮男子,迫使他們簽約成為「豬仔」,前往古巴蔗園與秘魯鳥糞島,而被稱為「豬花」的女子,許多是被擄走或被販賣的,則被運往加州與東南亞的妓院,因而主張,這種「豬仔」販運,官員曾加以容忍,直到船上死亡與叛變的報導促使澳門於1874年終止,與其說是由移民自己的抱負所推動,不如說是由掮客從因叛亂與饑荒而加劇的貧窮中賺取的利潤所推動,而契約制度把這種利潤偽裝成自願勞動。

補充說明

「豬仔」是當時對被誘騙、擄掠或半強迫簽約出洋的苦力的蔑稱,英文常譯為 "piglet" 或 "coolie trade"(苦力貿易)。「豬花」則是對被販運的女子的稱呼,兩詞都帶有把人當牲畜看待的意味。原句的 "piglet" 用引號標示,是借用中文詞彙的意象。

例句二(日本社會史:唐行小姐)

原句

Scholars of Japanese social history who study the karayuki-san, noting that from the late nineteenth century young women from poor villages, especially in the Amakusa and Shimabara regions of Kyushu, were sent by brokers to brothels in Southeast Asia, China, and Siberia, and that their families, receiving advances against debts that the women were expected to repay, often accepted the arrangement out of necessity, contend that the remittances, which sustained impoverished households, did not win the women respect at home, since officials who came to regard overseas prostitution as a national embarrassment pressed for its suppression, while the women themselves, bound by debt and far from their villages, seldom had the power to leave.

斷行排列

Scholars of Japanese social history

 who study the karayuki-san,

 noting that from the late nineteenth century

  young women from poor villages,

   especially in the Amakusa and Shimabara regions of Kyushu,

  were sent by brokers

   to brothels in Southeast Asia, China, and Siberia,

 and that their families,

  receiving advances against debts

   that the women were expected to repay,

  often accepted the arrangement out of necessity,

contend

 that the remittances,

  which sustained impoverished households,

 did not win the women respect at home,

  since officials

   who came to regard overseas prostitution as a national embarrassment

  pressed for its suppression,

  while the women themselves,

   bound by debt

   and far from their villages,

  seldom had the power to leave.

主句

Scholars contend that the remittances did not win the women respect at home.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 contend 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

日本社會史學者提出主張。(主句)

這些學者研究唐行小姐。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)

十九世紀晚期起,貧窮村落的年輕女子被掮客送往妓院。(第一個 that 子句,被動語態)

這些村落特別集中在九州的天草與島原地區。(especially 插入語)

妓院位於東南亞、中國與西伯利亞。(to 片語,三個並列地名)

她們的家人收取預付款。(receiving,現在分詞片語,第二個 that 子句)

這些預付款是以女子預期要償還的債務為對價。(that 關係子句,被動語態,expect sb to do)

家人往往出於不得已而接受這種安排。(第二個 that 子句的主結構,與前者並列)

匯款維持了貧困家庭的生計。(which 非限定關係子句,插在 remittances 與 did not win 之間)

匯款並未替這些女子在家鄉贏得尊重。(contend 的受詞 that 子句主結構)

官員開始把海外賣春視為國家的恥辱。(who 關係子句,come to do)

這些官員施壓要求取締。(since 子句的主結構)

這些女子本身受債務束縛,又遠離家鄉。(while 子句,過去分詞片語 bound 與形容詞片語 far from 並列)

她們很少有能力離開。(while 子句的主結構)

中譯

研究日本社會史的學者注意到,十九世紀晚期起,貧窮村落的年輕女子,特別是九州天草與島原地區的,被掮客送往東南亞、中國與西伯利亞的妓院,而她們的家人收取以女子預期償還之債務為對價的預付款,往往出於不得已而接受這種安排,因而主張,維持貧困家庭生計的匯款,並未替這些女子在家鄉贏得尊重,因為開始把海外賣春視為國家恥辱的官員,施壓要求取締,而女子本身受債務束縛,又遠離家鄉,很少有能力離開。

例句三(大西洋史:來自非洲的黑奴)

原句

Historians of the Atlantic world who study the transatlantic slave trade, noting that between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries European and American merchants, assisted by African rulers and traders who profited from the capture and sale of prisoners, forced roughly twelve million Africans onto ships bound for the Americas, and that a substantial proportion of them died during the voyage, maintain that the system, which Britain restricted by outlawing the trade in 1807 and slavery in most of its empire in 1833, and which ended in the Americas only when Brazil abolished slavery in 1888, cannot be understood as a mere episode of migration, since the people it moved were bought, transported, and held as property, not hired as contracted workers.

斷行排列

Historians of the Atlantic world

 who study the transatlantic slave trade,

 noting that between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries

  European and American merchants,

   assisted by African rulers and traders

    who profited from the capture and sale of prisoners,

  forced roughly twelve million Africans

   onto ships bound for the Americas,

 and that a substantial proportion of them

  died during the voyage,

maintain

 that the system,

  which Britain restricted

   by outlawing the trade in 1807

   and slavery in most of its empire in 1833,

  and which ended in the Americas

   only when Brazil abolished slavery in 1888,

 cannot be understood as a mere episode of migration,

  since the people

   it moved

  were bought, transported, and held as property,

  not hired as contracted workers.

主句

Historians maintain that the system cannot be understood as a mere episode of migration.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 maintain 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

大西洋史學者堅持一種看法。(主句)

這些學者研究跨大西洋奴隸貿易。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)

十六至十九世紀間,歐洲與美洲的商人強迫大約一千兩百萬非洲人上船。(第一個 that 子句,force sb onto)

這些船開往美洲。(過去分詞片語 bound for)

這些商人得到非洲統治者與商人的協助。(assisted by,過去分詞片語,插在主詞與動詞之間)

這些非洲統治者與商人從擄掠與販賣俘虜中獲利。(who 關係子句)

其中相當大比例的人死於航程中。(第二個 that 子句,與前者並列)

這套體系不能被理解為單純的移民插曲。(maintain 的受詞 that 子句主結構,被動語態)

英國曾限制這套體系。(which 非限定關係子句)

英國於1807年禁止貿易,於1833年在其帝國大部分地區禁止奴隸制。(by outlawing,介係詞後接動名詞,兩個並列受詞)

這套體系在美洲直到巴西於1888年廢除奴隸制才結束。(第二個 which 子句,與前者並列,only when 子句)

因為被它運送的人是被買賣、被運輸、被當作財產持有的。(since 子句,省略關係詞的 the people it moved,三個並列過去分詞)

而不是被雇用的契約工人。(not hired,對比結構)

中譯

研究大西洋世界的史學者注意到,十六至十九世紀間,歐洲與美洲的商人,在從擄掠與販賣俘虜中獲利的非洲統治者與商人協助下,強迫大約一千兩百萬非洲人登上開往美洲的船,而其中相當大比例的人死於航程中,因而堅持,這套英國於1807年禁止貿易、1833年在其帝國大部分地區禁止奴隸制而加以限制、並在美洲直到巴西於1888年廢除奴隸制才結束的體系,不能被理解為單純的移民插曲,因為被它運送的人是被買賣、被運輸、被當作財產持有的,而不是被雇用的契約工人。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的主詞 Historians of Chinese migration 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語,片語內有兩個以 and 並列的 that 子句,第一個子句有三個並列動詞(lured、tricked、kidnapped),第二個子句的主詞 women 與動詞 were shipped 之間,插入過去分詞片語 called 與 many of whom 結構。動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現。argue 之後,the traffic 與動詞 was driven 之間,插入 which 子句,內含 until 子句;less...than... 比較結構之後,that 關係子句、過去分詞片語 worsened,與句尾同位語 a profit 再層層堆疊。

例句二的主詞 Scholars of Japanese social history 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語,片語內第一個 that 子句,主詞 young women 與動詞 were sent 之間,被 especially 插入語隔開;第二個 that 子句,主詞 families 與動詞 accepted 之間,插入 receiving 片語,內含 that 關係子句。動詞 contend 要等到更後面才出現。contend 之後,the remittances 與動詞 did not win 之間,插入 which 子句;since 子句中 officials 之後帶出 who 子句,while 子句的主詞 the women themselves 與動詞 had 之間,又被兩個並列的修飾語(bound、far from)隔開。

例句三的主詞 Historians of the Atlantic world 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語,片語內第一個 that 子句,主詞 merchants 與動詞 forced 之間,插入 assisted 片語,內含 who 子句。動詞 maintain 要等到很後面才出現。maintain 之後,the system 與動詞 cannot be understood 之間,被兩個以 and 並列的 which 子句隔開,第一個內含 by outlawing 介係詞加動名詞結構。since 子句裡,the people it moved 省略了關係代名詞 that,閱讀時要自行補上。

另外,三個例句雖然都談弱勢人口外移,但性質並不相同:豬仔名義上是契約勞工,卻常是被誘騙或擄走的;唐行小姐的情況,家庭與掮客之間的預付款與債務關係十分複雜,學界對各人情形的看法不一;黑奴則是被買賣與當作財產持有的人,例句三正是要突顯這個差別。例句一的「豬花」一詞,各種史料用法略有不同,數字與細節宜另查專書。三句只是陳述史學界的一般論述,並不對任何受害者作價值判斷。

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