國共內戰三大戰役

 【長難句破解示範】國共內戰三大戰役

第一句：遼瀋戰役（約120 words）

●例句

The Liaoshen Campaign, which Lin Biao, commanding the Communist Northeast Field Army, launched in September 1948 with the aim of isolating the Nationalist garrisons in Manchuria, was decided when his troops, having stormed Jinzhou in October after a brief assault that severed the only land route between the northeastern forces and China proper, turned back to destroy the relief army that Chiang Kai-shek, who had flown to Shenyang to direct operations himself, had ordered to advance westward, a defeat that, together with the surrender of the starving garrison at Changchun, where a prolonged siege had caused immense civilian suffering, and the fall of Shenyang on 2 November, cost the Nationalists more than 400,000 men and gave the Communists control of the region's industrial base.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

The Liaoshen Campaign,

which Lin Biao,

commanding the Communist Northeast Field Army,

launched in September 1948

with the aim of isolating the Nationalist garrisons in Manchuria,

was decided

when

his troops,

having stormed Jinzhou in October

after a brief assault

that severed the only land route

between the northeastern forces and China proper,

turned back to destroy the relief army

that Chiang Kai-shek,

who had flown to Shenyang to direct operations himself,

had ordered to advance westward,

a defeat

that,

together with the surrender of the starving garrison at Changchun,

where a prolonged siege had caused immense civilian suffering,

and the fall of Shenyang on 2 November,

cost the Nationalists more than 400,000 men

and gave the Communists control of the region's industrial base.

●分解為原初的短小句

The Liaoshen Campaign was decided when Lin Biao's troops turned back to destroy the relief army.（主結構。主詞 Campaign 之後被 which 子句插入二十餘字，要跳到 was decided 才看到動詞。）

Lin Biao commanded the Communist Northeast Field Army.

Lin Biao launched the campaign in September 1948.

He aimed to isolate the Nationalist garrisons in Manchuria.

His troops stormed Jinzhou in October.

The assault was brief.

The assault severed the only land route between the northeastern forces and China proper.

Chiang Kai-shek had ordered the relief army to advance westward.

Chiang had flown to Shenyang to direct operations himself.

The starving garrison at Changchun surrendered.

A prolonged siege had caused immense civilian suffering at Changchun.

Shenyang fell on 2 November.

The defeat, together with the surrender and the fall, cost the Nationalists more than 400,000 men.

The defeat gave the Communists control of the region's industrial base.

●文法解析

主句：Campaign…was decided，when 副詞子句是主句的一部分。

commanding…：現在分詞片語，代替主動式關係子句。with the aim of isolating：介係詞後接動名詞。

his troops, having stormed…, turned back：完成式分詞片語插在主詞與動詞之間，表示更早發生。

the relief army that Chiang…had ordered to advance：that 同時是 ordered 的受詞與 advance 的主詞，中間再插入非限定關係子句 who had flown…。

a defeat that, together with…, cost…and gave…：同位語加關係子句，兩個對等動詞。where：非限定關係子句修飾 Changchun。

●參考譯文

遼瀋戰役由林彪指揮共軍東北野戰軍於1948年9月發動，目的是孤立滿洲的國軍守軍。十月，共軍經短暫攻擊攻克錦州，切斷了東北國軍通往關內的唯一陸路，隨後掉頭殲滅蔣介石下令西進的救援兵團（蔣曾親飛瀋陽指揮），戰局就此底定。這場失敗，加上長春飢餓的守軍投降（長春遭長期圍困，平民受難極深）與11月2日瀋陽陷落，使國民黨損失逾四十萬人，共產黨則取得東北的工業基地。

●補充說明

Liaoshen 取自遼西與瀋陽，國方稱遼瀋會戰。

China proper 指關內本部。

長春圍城的平民死亡人數，各家估計差異極大，故句中只用 immense civilian suffering。

四十萬是常見的概數，不同來源略有出入。

第二句：淮海戰役（約120 words）

●例句

The Huaihai Campaign, which the Communist East China and Central Plains Field Armies, coordinated by a front committee headed by Deng Xiaoping, fought around Xuzhou from November 1948 to January 1949 against a Nationalist force that outnumbered them yet suffered from divided command, was won by destroying three army groups one after another, those of Huang Baitao, whose troops were annihilated at Nianzhuang, of Huang Wei, who was trapped at Shuangduiji while awaiting rescue, and of Du Yuming, who, having abandoned Xuzhou in a belated attempt to relieve him, was himself surrounded and captured, a victory that depended on millions of peasants, who pushed wheelbarrows and carried supplies to the front, and that left the Yangtze River as the Nationalists' last natural barrier.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

The Huaihai Campaign,

which the Communist East China and Central Plains Field Armies,

coordinated by a front committee headed by Deng Xiaoping,

fought around Xuzhou from November 1948 to January 1949

against a Nationalist force

that outnumbered them

yet suffered from divided command,

was won

by destroying three army groups one after another,

those of Huang Baitao,

whose troops were annihilated at Nianzhuang,

of Huang Wei,

who was trapped at Shuangduiji while awaiting rescue,

and of Du Yuming,

who,

having abandoned Xuzhou in a belated attempt to relieve him,

was himself surrounded and captured,

a victory

that depended on millions of peasants,

who pushed wheelbarrows and carried supplies to the front,

and that left the Yangtze River as the Nationalists' last natural barrier.

●分解為原初的短小句

The Huaihai Campaign was won by destroying three army groups one after another.（主結構。主詞與動詞之間插入近四十字。）

The Communist East China and Central Plains Field Armies fought the campaign around Xuzhou.

They fought from November 1948 to January 1949.

A front committee headed by Deng Xiaoping coordinated the armies.

The Nationalist force outnumbered the Communists.

The Nationalist force suffered from divided command.

Huang Baitao's troops were annihilated at Nianzhuang.

Huang Wei was trapped at Shuangduiji while awaiting rescue.

Du Yuming abandoned Xuzhou in a belated attempt to relieve Huang Wei.

Du Yuming was himself surrounded and captured.

The victory depended on millions of peasants.

The peasants pushed wheelbarrows and carried supplies to the front.

The victory left the Yangtze River as the Nationalists' last natural barrier.

●文法解析

主句：Campaign…was won by destroying。by 後接動名詞，受詞是 three army groups。

which the…Armies…fought：which 是 fought 的受詞。coordinated by…headed by…：兩層過去分詞片語。

a force that outnumbered them yet suffered…：關係子句內兩個對等動詞。

those of A, of B, and of C：those 代替 army groups，三個 of 片語並列。每個後面各帶一個關係子句（whose, who, who）。

who, having abandoned…to relieve him, was surrounded：完成式分詞片語加目的不定詞，him 指 Huang Wei。

a victory that depended…and that left…：同位語加兩個對等的 that 關係子句。

●參考譯文

淮海戰役由共軍華東與中原野戰軍在以鄧小平為首的總前委協調下，於1948年11月至1949年1月圍繞徐州作戰，對手是兵力較多卻指揮分歧的國軍。共軍接連殲滅三個兵團：黃百韜兵團在碾莊被殲，黃維兵團在雙堆集被困待援，杜聿明則為解救黃維而棄守徐州，自己也遭包圍被俘。這場勝利仰賴數百萬農民推著獨輪車把補給送上前線，也使長江成為國民黨最後的天然屏障。

●補充說明

Huaihai 取自淮河與海州，國方稱徐蚌會戰。

army group 指兵團，比 army（軍）高一級。

民工人數常被引述為數百萬，但各說不一，句中只用 millions 概括。

outnumbered 指戰役初期國軍兵力較多，這是常見說法。

第三句：平津戰役（約120 words）

●例句

The Pingjin Campaign, which Lin Biao and Nie Rongzhen opened in late 1948 by pinning down the Nationalist armies around Zhangjiakou and Tianjin before they could unite or flee southward, ended without a battle for Beiping because Fu Zuoyi, who, although appointed by Chiang Kai-shek to defend North China with some 500,000 troops, found himself isolated after the Communists, having stormed Tianjin in under two days, tightened their ring around the capital, agreed in January 1949, following weeks of secret negotiations, to a peaceful handover, a settlement that, though denounced by Nationalist loyalists as betrayal, spared the ancient city's palaces and residents from bombardment and led to the reorganization of his soldiers into the People's Liberation Army.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

The Pingjin Campaign,

which Lin Biao and Nie Rongzhen opened in late 1948

by pinning down the Nationalist armies

around Zhangjiakou and Tianjin

before they could unite or flee southward,

ended without a battle for Beiping

because

Fu Zuoyi,

who,

although appointed by Chiang Kai-shek

to defend North China with some 500,000 troops,

found himself isolated

after

the Communists,

having stormed Tianjin in under two days,

tightened their ring around the capital,

agreed

in January 1949,

following weeks of secret negotiations,

to a peaceful handover,

a settlement that,

though denounced by Nationalist loyalists as betrayal,

spared the ancient city's palaces and residents from bombardment

and led to the reorganization of his soldiers into the People's Liberation Army.

●分解為原初的短小句

The Pingjin Campaign ended without a battle for Beiping because Fu Zuoyi agreed to a peaceful handover.（主結構。because 子句的主詞 Fu Zuoyi 與動詞 agreed 之間夾了近四十字，要跳到 agreed 才看到動詞。）

Lin Biao and Nie Rongzhen opened the campaign in late 1948.

They pinned down the Nationalist armies around Zhangjiakou and Tianjin.

The armies could not unite or flee southward.

Chiang Kai-shek appointed Fu Zuoyi to defend North China.

Fu commanded some 500,000 troops.

The Communists stormed Tianjin in under two days.

The Communists tightened their ring around the capital.

Fu found himself isolated.

Fu agreed in January 1949 to a peaceful handover.

He did so following weeks of secret negotiations.

Nationalist loyalists denounced the settlement as betrayal.

The settlement spared the ancient city's palaces and residents from bombardment.

The settlement led to the reorganization of Fu's soldiers into the People's Liberation Army.

●文法解析

主句：Campaign…ended without a battle。without 後接名詞。because 子句的主詞 Fu Zuoyi 之後被層層插入，動詞 agreed 最晚出現。

by pinning down…before they could…：介係詞後接動名詞，其後帶 before 子句。

who, although appointed…, found…：although 後省略 he was，appointed 是過去分詞，不定詞 to defend 表目的。

after the Communists, having stormed…, tightened：after 子句內再插入完成式分詞片語。

a settlement that, though denounced…, spared…and led to…：同位語加關係子句。though 後省略 it was，兩個對等動詞 spared 與 led。

led to the reorganization of：to 是介係詞，後接名詞。

●參考譯文

平津戰役由林彪與聶榮臻於1948年底發動，先將張家口、天津一帶的國軍分割牽制，使其無法會合或南逃。戰役在北平未經戰鬥下結束，因為傅作義受蔣介石任命、率約五十萬兵力守衛華北，卻在共軍不到兩天攻克天津並收緊對北平的包圍後陷入孤立，於1949年1月經數週秘密談判，同意和平交接。這項安排雖被國民黨效忠者斥為背叛，卻使古都的宮殿與居民免於砲火，傅部也被改編為人民解放軍。

●補充說明

Pingjin 取自北平與天津。Beiping 是1928至1949年北京的名稱。

peaceful handover 在共方稱「和平解放」，在國方多稱投降，用語本身帶有立場，學術寫作宜標明歸屬。

pin down 指牽制壓制，使敵軍無法動彈。

天津守軍戰鬥約二十九小時即告瓦解，句中以 under two days 概括。

●長難句組合寫作練習

不看例句，用譯文與各句的短小句，分別組合回三個長句：

遼瀋戰役：_______________________________________________________

淮海戰役：_______________________________________________________

平津戰役：_______________________________________________________