川普個性如何影嚮美國政治 中國如何準備攻台 朝鮮國號與金氏王朝名實不副 共三句學術型超複雜文法長難句分解示範

例句一(以川普為例說明統治者個性對政治的影響)

原句

Scholars of political psychology, who have long debated whether institutions or individuals shape outcomes more decisively, point to Donald Trump, a leader whose impulsive style, deep suspicion of established procedures, and habit of personalizing foreign policy through direct appeals to counterparts have repeatedly surprised allies and adversaries alike, as evidence that the temperament of a ruler can bend even a constitutional system whose checks were designed precisely to constrain such discretion.

斷行排列

Scholars of political psychology,

 who have long debated

  whether institutions or individuals shape outcomes more decisively,

point to Donald Trump,

 a leader

  whose impulsive style,

  deep suspicion of established procedures,

  and habit of personalizing foreign policy

   through direct appeals to counterparts

  have repeatedly surprised allies and adversaries alike,

as evidence

 that the temperament of a ruler can bend even a constitutional system

  whose checks were designed precisely

   to constrain such discretion.

主句

Scholars of political psychology point to Donald Trump as evidence that…(point to A as B 結構,that 子句是 evidence 的同位語子句)

拆成短句

政治心理學者以川普為例。(主句)

這些學者長期爭論一個問題。(who 非限定關係子句)

問題是制度或個人何者更能決定政治結果。(whether 名詞子句)

川普是一位領導人。(同位語)

他的衝動作風使盟友與對手都一再感到意外。(whose 關係子句的主詞之一)

他深度懷疑既定程序,也使人意外。(與上一個主詞並列)

他習慣透過直接訴諸各國領導人來把外交政策個人化。(habit of + 動名詞,內含 through 片語,三個主詞並列)

統治者的氣質甚至能扭曲一套憲政體制。(evidence 的同位語 that 子句)

這套體制的制衡機制原本正是為了限制這種裁量權而設計。(whose 關係子句,被動語態,內含不定詞)

中譯

政治心理學者長期爭論制度與個人何者更能決定政治結果,他們以川普為例,指出這位領導人的衝動作風、對既定程序的深度懷疑,以及透過直接訴諸各國領導人而把外交政策個人化的習慣,一再讓盟友與對手都感到意外,足見統治者的氣質甚至能扭曲一套原本專為限制此種裁量權而設計制衡機制的憲政體制。

例句二(中國如何準備攻打台灣)

原句

Although Beijing, which insists that Taiwan is an inseparable part of China, has never renounced the use of force, analysts who track the People's Liberation Army, noting that it has expanded its amphibious lift, rehearsed blockades through large-scale exercises encircling the island, and hardened its logistical and cyber capabilities, caution that preparation for a possible invasion is a gradual, cumulative process whose timing depends as much on political calculation as on military readiness.

斷行排列

Although Beijing,

 which insists that Taiwan is an inseparable part of China,

has never renounced the use of force,

analysts

 who track the People's Liberation Army,

 noting that it has expanded its amphibious lift,

  rehearsed blockades

   through large-scale exercises

    encircling the island,

  and hardened its logistical and cyber capabilities,

caution

 that preparation for a possible invasion is a gradual, cumulative process

  whose timing depends

   as much on political calculation

   as on military readiness.

主句

Analysts caution that preparation for a possible invasion is a gradual, cumulative process.(Although 子句是讓步副詞子句,真正的主詞 analysts 要等到第二個逗號之後才出現)

拆成短句

分析師提出警告。(主句)

北京從未放棄使用武力。(Although 子句)

北京堅稱台灣是中國不可分割的一部分。(which 非限定關係子句)

這些分析師追蹤中國人民解放軍。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到解放軍已擴充兩棲運輸能力。(noting,現在分詞片語,內含三個並列的完成式動詞)

解放軍已透過大規模演習預演封鎖。(rehearsed 之後接 through 片語)

這些演習環繞台灣島進行。(encircling,現在分詞片語,修飾 exercises)

解放軍也已強化後勤與網路能力。(hardened,第三個並列動詞)

可能入侵的準備是漸進累積的過程。(caution 的受詞子句)

這個過程的時機取決於政治盤算,也取決於軍事整備。(whose 關係子句,內含 as much...as...)

中譯

儘管堅稱台灣是中國不可分割一部分的北京從未放棄使用武力,但追蹤解放軍的分析師們指出,解放軍已擴充兩棲運輸能力、透過環繞台灣的大規模演習預演封鎖,並強化後勤與網路能力,同時提醒,為可能的入侵所做的準備是一個漸進累積的過程,其時機取決於政治盤算,不亞於取決於軍事整備。

例句三(北朝鮮國號為共和國,實為金氏王朝)

原句

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea, whose official name proclaims a government of the people yet whose leadership has passed from Kim Il Sung through Kim Jong Il to Kim Jong Un, a succession that political scientists, comparing it with hereditary monarchies, describe as dynastic, illustrates how a state can adopt the vocabulary of republican legitimacy while concentrating power in a single family that answers to no electorate.

斷行排列

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea,

 whose official name proclaims a government of the people

 yet whose leadership has passed

  from Kim Il Sung

  through Kim Jong Il

  to Kim Jong Un,

 a succession

  that political scientists,

   comparing it with hereditary monarchies,

  describe as dynastic,

illustrates

 how a state can adopt the vocabulary of republican legitimacy

  while concentrating power in a single family

   that answers to no electorate.

主句

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea illustrates how a state can adopt the vocabulary of republican legitimacy.(主詞後面拖著兩個 whose 子句與一個同位語,動詞 illustrates 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

朝鮮民主主義人民共和國說明了一件事。(主句)

它的正式國名宣稱這是人民的政府。(第一個 whose 關係子句)

它的領導權卻從金日成傳給金正日,再傳給金正恩。(yet whose 子句,與上一個 whose 子句並列)

這種傳承是一種繼承。(同位語 a succession)

政治學者把它比作世襲君主制。(comparing,現在分詞片語,插在主詞與動詞之間)

政治學者稱這種傳承為王朝式的。(that 關係子句,describe...as...)

國家可以採用共和合法性的詞彙。(how 名詞子句,作 illustrates 的受詞)

同時把權力集中在一個家族手中。(while + 動名詞,表同時)

這個家族不對任何選民負責。(that 關係子句)

中譯

朝鮮民主主義人民共和國的正式國名宣稱這是人民的政府,其領導權卻由金日成傳給金正日,再傳給金正恩;政治學者將這種傳承與世襲君主制相比,稱之為王朝式傳承。它說明了一個國家如何能採用共和合法性的詞彙,同時把權力集中在一個不對任何選民負責的家族手中。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的 whose 子句內有三個並列主詞(style、suspicion、habit),動詞 have surprised 要等到最後才出現;接著 as evidence 之後的 that 子句內又嵌一層 whose,建議先找 point to 這條主幹。

例句二的 Although 子句內插入 which 子句,因此要讀到 has never renounced 才完整;主句的 analysts 之後又有 who 子句與 noting 片語,三個並列動詞 expanded、rehearsed、hardened 要一起看,才不會誤把它們當成主句動詞。

例句三的主詞 The Democratic People's Republic of Korea 後面連著兩個 whose 子句、一個同位語和一個 comparing 片語,動詞 illustrates 遲遲才出現;看到 whose 與 yet whose 並列,就知道是兩個平行的修飾。

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