列強干預俄羅斯內戰 日本教難小說【沈默】諾門罕戰役與日本軍方北進論的退場 三個學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

例句一（國際史：列強干預俄國內戰與日本出兵西伯利亞）

原句

Historians, who regard the Allied intervention in Russia, launched in 1918 ostensibly to guard military stores at Vladivostok and to rescue the Czechoslovak Legion stranded along the Trans-Siberian Railway yet soon entangled in the civil war between the Bolsheviks and their White opponents, as less a coordinated crusade against revolution than a set of rival national ventures, note that Japan, which had agreed with the United States to send about seven thousand men but ultimately landed a force many times larger, pursued aims that Washington suspected of concealing territorial ambition, a suspicion that seemed vindicated when Tokyo, long after its allies had gone home, kept troops in northern Sakhalin until 1925.

斷行排列

Historians,

　who regard the Allied intervention in Russia,

　　launched in 1918

　　　ostensibly to guard military stores at Vladivostok

　　　and to rescue the Czechoslovak Legion

　　　　stranded along the Trans-Siberian Railway

　　yet soon entangled in the civil war

　　　between the Bolsheviks and their White opponents,

　as less a coordinated crusade against revolution

　　than a set of rival national ventures,

note

　that Japan,

　　which had agreed with the United States

　　　to send about seven thousand men

　　but ultimately landed a force many times larger,

　pursued aims

　　that Washington suspected of concealing territorial ambition,

　a suspicion

　　that seemed vindicated

　　　when Tokyo,

　　　　long after its allies had gone home,

　　　kept troops in northern Sakhalin until 1925.

主句

Historians note that Japan pursued aims that Washington suspected.（主詞 Historians 之後接 who 子句，內含 regard...as...than... 結構與兩個分詞片語，動詞 note 要等到很後面才出現）

拆成短句

歷史學者指出一件事。（主句）

這些學者看待列強干預俄國的方式如下。（who 關係子句，regard...as...）

干預始於一九一八年。（launched，過去分詞片語）

名義上是為了保護海參崴的軍需倉庫，並救援被困的捷克斯洛伐克軍團。（ostensibly 副詞，兩個並列不定詞）

捷克軍團滯留在西伯利亞鐵路沿線。（stranded，過去分詞片語）

干預很快就捲入布爾什維克與白軍的內戰。（yet 並列，entangled 分詞片語）

學者認為這與其說是協調一致的反革命十字軍，不如說是各國互相競爭的行動。（as less...than... 比較結構）

日本曾與美國約定派兵約七千人。（which 非限定關係子句）

日本最後卻派出規模大上許多倍的兵力。（but 並列，a force many times larger）

日本追求的目標被華盛頓懷疑是在掩飾領土野心。（that 關係子句，suspected of 結構）

這項懷疑在許多人眼中得到證實。（a suspicion 同位語，seemed vindicated）

因為在盟國早已撤兵之後，東京仍把部隊留在北庫頁島到一九二五年。（when 子句，插入 long after... 副詞子句）

中譯

歷史學者把一九一八年啟動、名義上為保護海參崴軍需倉庫並救援滯留西伯利亞鐵路沿線的捷克斯洛伐克軍團、卻很快捲入布爾什維克與白軍內戰的列強干預，視為與其說是協調一致的反革命十字軍，不如說是各國互相競爭的行動，他們指出，日本原與美國約定派兵約七千人、最後卻派出規模大上許多倍的兵力，其追求的目標被華盛頓懷疑是在掩飾領土野心，而當東京在盟國早已撤兵之後，仍把部隊留在北庫頁島直到一九二五年，這項懷疑在許多人眼中便得到了證實。

例句二（文學與宗教：遠藤周作《沈默》）

原句

Critics who read Shūsaku Endō's Silence, a novel in which a Portuguese priest, Rodrigues, sails to seventeenth-century Japan to learn whether his former teacher Ferreira, said to have renounced the faith under torture, can truly have abandoned it, not as a celebration of the martyrs' courage but as a meditation on the weakness of those whom persecution breaks, argue that the climactic scene, in which Rodrigues, urged by a Christ who tells him to trample on the sacred image that the magistrate has set before him, steps on it so that the tortured peasants may be spared, presents apostasy as an act of compassion rather than of defeat, a reading that some Japanese Catholic leaders, fearing it undermined the ideal of martyrdom, initially criticized.

斷行排列

Critics

　who read Shūsaku Endō's Silence,

　　a novel in which a Portuguese priest, Rodrigues,

　　　sails to seventeenth-century Japan

　　　to learn whether his former teacher Ferreira,

　　　　said to have renounced the faith under torture,

　　　can truly have abandoned it,

　not as a celebration of the martyrs' courage

　but as a meditation on the weakness

　　of those whom persecution breaks,

argue

　that the climactic scene,

　　in which Rodrigues,

　　　urged by a Christ

　　　　who tells him to trample on the sacred image

　　　　　that the magistrate has set before him,

　　steps on it

　　so that the tortured peasants may be spared,

　presents apostasy as an act of compassion

　　rather than of defeat,

　a reading

　　that some Japanese Catholic leaders,

　　　fearing it undermined the ideal of martyrdom,

　　initially criticized.

主句

Critics argue that the climactic scene presents apostasy as an act of compassion.（主詞 Critics 之後接 who 子句，內含同位語 a novel 與 not...but... 對比，動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現）

拆成短句

評論者提出論點。（主句）

這些評論者閱讀遠藤周作的《沈默》。（who 關係子句）

《沈默》是一部小說。（a novel，同位語）

小說中，葡萄牙神父羅德里哥航向十七世紀的日本。（in which 關係子句）

他想查明自己的老師費雷拉是否真的放棄了信仰。（不定詞，內含 whether 名詞子句）

費雷拉據說在酷刑下棄教。（said to，過去分詞片語）

評論者不把小說讀成對殉教者勇氣的頌揚。（not as...）

而是讀成對那些被迫害擊垮之人的軟弱的沉思。（but as...，內含 whom 關係子句）

評論者主張高潮場景把棄教呈現為慈悲之舉，而非失敗。（argue 的受詞 that 子句，rather than）

在那場景中，羅德里哥受到基督的促使。（in which 關係子句，urged by 分詞片語）

基督要他踩踏長官放在他面前的聖像。（who 子句，內含 that 關係子句）

他踩了聖像，好讓受刑的農民得以免於痛苦。（steps on it so that...）

這種解讀一開始受到部分日本天主教領袖批評。（a reading 同位語，內含 fearing 分詞片語）

中譯

把遠藤周作的《沈默》（書中的葡萄牙神父羅德里哥航向十七世紀的日本，想查明據說在酷刑下棄教的老師費雷拉是否真的放棄了信仰）讀成不是對殉教者勇氣的頌揚、而是對那些被迫害擊垮之人的軟弱的沉思的評論者主張，高潮場景把棄教呈現為慈悲之舉，而非失敗，在那一幕中，羅德里哥受到一位要他踩踏長官放在他面前的聖像的基督所促使，踩下聖像，好讓受刑的農民得以免於痛苦，這種解讀一開始曾受到部分日本天主教領袖的批評，因為他們擔心它會動搖殉教的理想。

例句三（軍事外交史：諾門罕戰役與北進論的退場）

原句

Scholars who trace Japan's strategic reorientation between 1939 and 1941, noting that the Kwantung Army, which had allowed a border dispute at Nomonhan to escalate in the belief that the Red Army would yield, suffered some twenty thousand casualties against Soviet forces under Zhukov that combined armor, artillery, and air power in ways Japanese infantry could not match, conclude that the defeat, compounded by the shock of the Nazi–Soviet Pact, which brought down the Hiranuma cabinet while the fighting was still under way, discredited the army faction that urged an attack on the Soviet Union and strengthened those who, looking south toward the oil of the Dutch East Indies, advocated expansion there instead.

斷行排列

Scholars

　who trace Japan's strategic reorientation between 1939 and 1941,

　noting that the Kwantung Army,

　　which had allowed a border dispute at Nomonhan to escalate

　　　in the belief that the Red Army would yield,

　suffered some twenty thousand casualties

　　against Soviet forces under Zhukov

　　　that combined armor, artillery, and air power

　　　　in ways Japanese infantry could not match,

conclude

　that the defeat,

　　compounded by the shock of the Nazi–Soviet Pact,

　　　which brought down the Hiranuma cabinet

　　　　while the fighting was still under way,

　discredited the army faction

　　that urged an attack on the Soviet Union

　and strengthened those

　　who,

　　　looking south toward the oil of the Dutch East Indies,

　　advocated expansion there instead.

主句

Scholars conclude that the defeat discredited the army faction and strengthened those who advocated expansion.（主詞 Scholars 之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語，動詞 conclude 要等到很後面才出現）

拆成短句

學者得出結論。（主句）

這些學者追溯日本一九三九至一九四一年間的戰略轉向。（who 關係子句）

他們指出一項事實。（noting，現在分詞片語）

關東軍曾讓諾門罕的邊界爭端擴大。（which 非限定關係子句）

因為它相信紅軍會退讓。（in the belief that，同位語 that 子句）

關東軍對上朱可夫指揮的蘇軍，傷亡約兩萬人。（noting 的受詞子句的主幹）

蘇軍結合了裝甲、砲兵與空中力量。（that 關係子句，三個並列名詞）

這種結合方式是日本步兵無法匹敵的。（in ways 後接省略關係詞的子句）

學者認為這場敗仗使陸軍中主張進攻蘇聯的一派失去公信力。（conclude 的受詞 that 子句，discredited）

敗仗又因德蘇協定的衝擊而加重。（compounded by，過去分詞片語）

德蘇協定在戰事仍在進行時就使平沼內閣垮台。（which 非限定關係子句，while 子句）

敗仗同時強化了另一批人。（and strengthened，並列動詞）

那批人看向南方荷屬東印度的石油，主張改向南擴張。（who 關係子句，內含 looking 分詞片語）

中譯

追溯日本一九三九至一九四一年間戰略轉向的學者指出，關東軍原本相信紅軍會退讓，因而任由諾門罕的邊界爭端擴大，結果對上朱可夫指揮、結合裝甲、砲兵與空中力量而日本步兵無法匹敵的蘇軍，傷亡約兩萬人，他們因而認為，這場敗仗又因戰事仍在進行時使平沼內閣垮台的德蘇協定的衝擊而加重，使陸軍中主張進攻蘇聯的一派失去公信力，同時強化了那些眼望南方荷屬東印度石油、主張改向南擴張的人。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的主詞 Historians 後面連著 who 子句，子句內用 regard...as less...than... 比較兩種解讀，中間還夾 launched 與 stranded 兩層過去分詞片語，動詞 note 要等到很後面才出現。note 之後的 that 子句，主詞 Japan 與動詞 pursued 之間被 which 子句隔開，句尾 a suspicion 是 aims 的同位語，內含 when 子句，其中 long after 副詞子句又插在主詞 Tokyo 與動詞 kept 之間。

例句二的主詞 Critics 後面連著 who 子句，子句內的 Silence 後接 a novel in which 的同位語，裡面又套了 whether 名詞子句與 said to 分詞片語，要先抓 Critics read Silence not as...but as... 這條線。argue 之後的 that 子句主詞 scene 與動詞 presents 之間，被 in which 子句隔開，子句內 urged by 片語、who 子句與 that 子句層層相套。句尾 a reading 又是整個論點的同位語。

例句三的主詞 Scholars 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語，動詞 conclude 要等到很後面才出現。noting 之內，Kwantung Army 與動詞 suffered 之間夾著 which 子句，suffered 之後的 that 關係子句又帶出 ways 後面省略關係詞的子句。conclude 之後，the defeat 與動詞 discredited 之間又插入 compounded 片語，其中 which 子句與 while 子句再往內嵌。

備註

例句一的兵力：日本原約定與美國各派約七千人，高峰期實際出兵史料常見約七萬人，你提到的五萬是某一階段的常見說法，因此原句用 many times larger 避開單一數字。

例句二與三屬學界常見的詮釋觀點，「諾門罕戰役促成放棄北進」是主流解釋，但研究者對戰略轉向的成因仍有不同權重的討論。

例句二涉及宗教議題，這裡只是文學評論層面的分析，無意傾向任何信仰立場。