以單一制、聯邦制、邦聯制三個主題,各句附上國家為例,造出長難句

以單一制、聯邦制、邦聯制三個主題,各句附上國家為例,造出長難句

三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

例句一(單一制,以法國為例)

原句

A unitary state, in which sovereignty rests with a single central government that may create, abolish, or reshape subnational units and delegate powers to them without needing their consent, is exemplified by France, which, though long associated with Napoleonic centralization under prefects appointed by Paris, passed decentralization laws in 1982 and 1983 that transferred responsibilities for areas such as secondary schools and regional planning to elected councils, a shift that supporters, arguing that it brings decisions closer to citizens, welcome, but that critics, who observe that the central government still controls most tax rules and can reclaim delegated powers by ordinary legislation, say leaves local autonomy dependent on Paris.

斷行排列

A unitary state,

 in which sovereignty rests with a single central government

  that may create, abolish, or reshape subnational units

  and delegate powers to them

   without needing their consent,

is exemplified by France,

 which,

  though long associated with Napoleonic centralization

   under prefects appointed by Paris,

 passed decentralization laws in 1982 and 1983

  that transferred responsibilities

   for areas such as secondary schools and regional planning

   to elected councils,

 a shift

  that supporters,

   arguing that it brings decisions closer to citizens,

  welcome,

  but that critics,

   who observe

    that the central government still controls most tax rules

    and can reclaim delegated powers by ordinary legislation,

  say leaves local autonomy dependent on Paris.

主句

A unitary state is exemplified by France.(主詞後先接長長的 in which 子句,內含 that 子句與兩個並列動詞,被動語態的 is exemplified 要讀很久才出現)

拆成短句

單一制可以法國為例。(主句,被動語態)

在單一制下,主權屬於單一的中央政府。(in which 子句,rests with)

中央政府可以設立、廢除或改組地方單位。(that 關係子句,三個並列動詞)

中央政府也可以把權力委任給地方。(and delegate,並列)

這些做法不需要地方同意。(without 加動名詞)

法國長期與拿破崙式的中央集權相連。(which 子句,though 加過去分詞片語)

地方由巴黎任命的省長掌管。(under 片語,過去分詞 appointed)

法國在 1982 與 1983 年通過地方分權法。(passed,which 子句的動詞)

這些法律把職責移轉給民選的議會。(that 關係子句,transferred to)

移轉的職責包括中等學校與區域規劃等領域。(for areas such as 片語)

這是一種轉變。(同位語 a shift)

支持者歡迎這種轉變。(that 子句,supporters 為主詞,動詞 welcome)

支持者主張它讓決策更貼近公民。(arguing,現在分詞片語)

批評者則持不同看法。(but that 子句,critics 為主詞)

批評者觀察到中央仍掌控多數稅收規則。(who 關係子句,observe that)

批評者也觀察到中央可用一般立法收回委任的權力。(and can reclaim,並列)

批評者說這使地方自主仍依賴巴黎。(say leaves,插入語 say)

参考翻譯

單一制中,主權屬於單一的中央政府,中央政府可以設立、廢除或改組地方單位,並在不需其同意的情況下把權力委任給它們,法國即為一例;法國長期與由巴黎任命省長的拿破崙式中央集權相連,卻在 1982 與 1983 年通過地方分權法,把中等學校與區域規劃等領域的職責移轉給民選議會,支持者主張這種轉變讓決策更貼近公民而表示歡迎,但批評者觀察到中央仍掌控多數稅收規則、且能以一般立法收回委任的權力,因而認為地方自主仍依賴巴黎。

例句二(聯邦制,以德國為例)

原句

A federation, in which a written constitution divides sovereignty between a national government and constituent units that each hold powers the center cannot withdraw by ordinary legislation, is illustrated by Germany, whose Basic Law of 1949, which guarantees the participation of sixteen Länder in federal legislation through the Bundesrat, a chamber composed of members of Land governments, and which places the division of powers under the review of the Federal Constitutional Court, leaves education and policing largely to the Länder, an allocation that defenders, noting that it lets regions tailor policy to local needs, praise, but that critics, who point to uneven school standards across the Länder, say produces inequality that the shared responsibility for implementing federal law only partly offsets.

斷行排列

A federation,

 in which a written constitution divides sovereignty

  between a national government

  and constituent units

   that each hold powers

    the center cannot withdraw by ordinary legislation,

is illustrated by Germany,

 whose Basic Law of 1949,

  which guarantees the participation of sixteen Länder in federal legislation

   through the Bundesrat,

    a chamber composed of members of Land governments,

  and which places the division of powers

   under the review of the Federal Constitutional Court,

 leaves education and policing largely to the Länder,

 an allocation

  that defenders,

   noting that it lets regions tailor policy to local needs,

  praise,

  but that critics,

   who point to uneven school standards across the Länder,

  say produces inequality

   that the shared responsibility for implementing federal law

   only partly offsets.

主句

A federation is illustrated by Germany.(主詞後先接長長的 in which 子句,內含 that 子句與省略關係代名詞的子句,被動語態的 is illustrated 要讀很久才出現)

拆成短句

聯邦制可以德國為例。(主句,被動語態)

在聯邦制下,成文憲法在中央與組成單位之間分配主權。(in which 子句,divides between A and B)

這些組成單位各自擁有權力。(that 關係子句,each hold)

中央無法以一般立法收回這些權力。(省略關係代名詞的子句,the center cannot withdraw)

德國基本法於 1949 年制定。(whose 關係子句,主詞 Basic Law)

基本法保障十六個邦參與聯邦立法。(which 關係子句,guarantees)

邦的參與透過聯邦參議院進行。(through 片語)

聯邦參議院由各邦政府成員組成。(同位語 a chamber,過去分詞 composed of)

基本法把權力劃分交由聯邦憲法法院審查。(and which 並列,places under)

基本法把教育與警政大致留給各邦。(leaves,whose 子句的動詞)

這是一種權限分配。(同位語 an allocation)

捍衛者稱讚這種分配。(that 子句,defenders 為主詞,動詞 praise)

捍衛者指出它讓各地區因地制宜制定政策。(noting,現在分詞片語)

批評者則持不同看法。(but that 子句,critics 為主詞)

批評者指出各邦的學校水準不均。(who 關係子句,point to)

批評者說這種分配產生不平等。(say produces)

聯邦法律由各邦共同負責執行,只能部分抵銷這種不平等。(that 關係子句,only partly offsets,受詞前置)

参考翻譯

聯邦制中,成文憲法在中央政府與各自擁有中央無法以一般立法收回之權力的組成單位之間分配主權,德國即為一例;德國 1949 年的基本法保障十六個邦透過由各邦政府成員組成的聯邦參議院參與聯邦立法,並把權力劃分交由聯邦憲法法院審查,同時把教育與警政大致留給各邦,捍衛者指出這種分配讓各地區因地制宜而表示稱讚,但批評者指出各邦學校水準不均,認為它產生了不平等,而共同負責執行聯邦法律只能部分抵銷這種不平等。

例句三(邦聯制,以美國邦聯條例時期為例)

原句

A confederation, in which sovereign states delegate limited powers to a common body that acts mainly through the states rather than directly on their citizens, is exemplified by the United States under the Articles of Confederation, which, ratified in 1781, gave Congress no power to levy taxes or regulate commerce, requiring it to request funds from the states and to obtain the unanimous consent of the states to amend the Articles, a weakness that Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, who argued that the government could neither raise revenue nor enforce its decisions, cited when they supported the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which replaced the arrangement with a federal constitution, whereas Switzerland, which still calls itself the Swiss Confederation, is today usually classified as a federation.

斷行排列

A confederation,

 in which sovereign states delegate limited powers to a common body

  that acts mainly through the states

  rather than directly on their citizens,

is exemplified by the United States under the Articles of Confederation,

 which,

  ratified in 1781,

 gave Congress no power to levy taxes or regulate commerce,

  requiring it to request funds from the states

  and to obtain the unanimous consent of the states

   to amend the Articles,

 a weakness

  that Alexander Hamilton and James Madison,

   who argued

    that the government could neither raise revenue

    nor enforce its decisions,

  cited

   when they supported the Constitutional Convention of 1787,

    which replaced the arrangement with a federal constitution,

 whereas Switzerland,

  which still calls itself the Swiss Confederation,

 is today usually classified as a federation.

主句

A confederation is exemplified by the United States under the Articles of Confederation.(主詞後先接長長的 in which 子句,內含 that 子句,被動語態的 is exemplified 要讀很久才出現)

拆成短句

邦聯制可以邦聯條例時期的美國為例。(主句,被動語態)

在邦聯制下,主權國家把有限的權力委託給一個共同機構。(in which 子句,delegate to)

這個共同機構主要透過各國行事。(that 關係子句,acts through)

它不是直接對公民行事。(rather than 片語)

邦聯條例於 1781 年批准生效。(which 子句,過去分詞 ratified 插入)

條例沒有賦予國會課稅或管制商業的權力。(gave Congress no power,不定詞 to levy 與 regulate 並列)

國會必須向各邦請求經費。(requiring,現在分詞片語,要求 it to request)

修改條例還需要各邦一致同意。(and to obtain,並列,不定詞 to amend)

這是一項弱點。(同位語 a weakness)

漢密爾頓與麥迪遜引用了這項弱點。(that 子句,兩人為主詞,動詞 cited)

兩人主張政府既無法籌集歲入。(who 關係子句,argued that,neither 與 nor 並列)

兩人也主張政府無法執行自己的決定。(nor enforce,並列)

他們引用時是在支持 1787 年制憲會議。(when 子句,supported)

制憲會議以聯邦憲法取代了這種安排。(which 關係子句,replaced with)

瑞士則不同。(whereas 子句)

瑞士至今仍自稱瑞士邦聯。(which 關係子句,still calls itself)

瑞士如今通常被歸類為聯邦。(is today usually classified as,被動語態)

参考翻譯

邦聯制中,主權國家把有限的權力委託給一個主要透過各國而非直接對公民行事的共同機構,邦聯條例時期的美國即為一例;該條例於 1781 年批准,沒有賦予國會課稅或管制商業的權力,要求國會向各邦請求經費,並須取得各邦一致同意才能修改條例,漢密爾頓與麥迪遜主張政府既無法籌集歲入、也無法執行自己的決定,在支持 1787 年制憲會議(以聯邦憲法取代了這種安排)時,便引用了這項弱點;相對地,瑞士至今仍自稱瑞士邦聯,如今卻通常被歸類為聯邦。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的主詞 A unitary state 與被動語態的 is exemplified 之間,隔著 in which 子句,內含 that 子句與 create、abolish、reshape 並列的動詞,後面還接 delegate 並列動詞與 without 片語。France 之後的 which 子句,主詞與動詞 passed 之間插了 though 片語,內含過去分詞 appointed。句尾 a shift 是前面 passed 句的同位語,其後兩個 that 子句以 but 並列:前者 supporters 與 welcome 之間插了 arguing 片語,那個 that 在子句中是 welcome 的受詞;後者 critics 與 say 之間插了 who 子句,內含兩個並列動詞。

例句二的主詞 A federation 與 is illustrated 之間,隔著 in which 子句,內含 that 子句,其中 powers 後省略了關係代名詞(powers [that] the center cannot withdraw)。whose Basic Law 之後有兩個以 and 並列的 which 子句,第一個內含同位語 a chamber,主詞 Basic Law 要等很久才遇到動詞 leaves。句尾 an allocation 是前面 leaves 句的同位語,其後兩個 that 子句以 but 並列:前者的 defenders 與 praise 之間插了 noting 片語,後者的 critics 與 say 之間插了 who 子句,句尾 inequality 後再接 that 子句,that 在子句中是 offsets 的受詞。

例句三的主詞 A confederation 與 is exemplified 之間,隔著 in which 子句,內含 that 子句與 rather than 片語。which 子句中,which 與 gave 之間插了過去分詞 ratified,後面的 requiring 片語以 and 並列兩個不定詞。句尾 a weakness 是前面 gave 句的同位語,其 that 子句中,Hamilton and Madison 與 cited 之間插了 who 子句,內含 neither ... nor 並列,cited 之後的 when 子句內,which 子句修飾 Convention。最後以 whereas 把瑞士作對照,說明名稱與實際制度未必一致。

另外,這三個主題屬於政治學的制度分類,我採描述性寫法,以「支持者」與「批評者」呈現各方論點。法國 1982、1983 年地方分權法、德國基本法的聯邦參議院與聯邦憲法法院、邦聯條例 1781 年批准與 1787 年制憲會議,取自一般廣泛引用的資料,若要用於正式教材,建議再核對原典。

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