未來戰爭型態 宗教社會學(歐洲世俗化)飲食文化人類學 )

 例句一(軍事學:未來戰爭型態與無人系統)

原句

Military analysts who study the war in Ukraine, observing that inexpensive aerial drones, unmanned surface vessels, and remotely operated ground vehicles have already destroyed equipment costing many times more than they do, argue that future conflicts will be shaped less by the number of crewed platforms a state can field than by its ability to produce autonomous systems in bulk, to protect them from electronic jamming, and to integrate them into networks whose decisions must be made faster than any human commander can deliberate.

斷行排列

Military analysts

 who study the war in Ukraine,

 observing that inexpensive aerial drones,

  unmanned surface vessels,

  and remotely operated ground vehicles

 have already destroyed equipment

  costing many times more than they do,

argue

 that future conflicts will be shaped

  less by the number of crewed platforms

   a state can field

  than by its ability

   to produce autonomous systems in bulk,

   to protect them from electronic jamming,

   and to integrate them into networks

    whose decisions must be made faster

     than any human commander can deliberate.

主句

Military analysts argue that future conflicts will be shaped less by the number of crewed platforms than by the ability to produce autonomous systems.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 observing 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

軍事分析家提出主張。(主句)

這些分析家研究烏克蘭戰爭。(who 關係子句)

他們觀察到一件事。(observing,現在分詞片語)

廉價的空中無人機、無人水面艦艇與遙控地面載具,已摧毀成本高出自身許多倍的裝備。(observing 的受詞 that 子句,三個並列主詞,內含現在分詞片語 costing)

未來衝突的型態將被塑造。(argue 的受詞 that 子句,被動語態)

決定因素較不在於一國能部署的有人平台數量。(less by...,省略關係詞的 platforms a state can field)

而更在於它的三項能力。(than by its ability,比較結構)

一是大量生產自主系統。(第一個不定詞)

二是保護這些系統免受電子干擾。(第二個不定詞)

三是把它們整合進網路。(第三個不定詞)

網路中的決策必須比任何人類指揮官能審慎思考的速度更快。(whose 關係子句,被動語態,內含比較結構)

中譯

研究烏克蘭戰爭的軍事分析家觀察到,廉價的空中無人機、無人水面艦艇與遙控地面載具,已摧毀成本高出自身許多倍的裝備,因而主張未來衝突的型態,較不取決於一國能部署的有人平台數量,而更取決於它大量生產自主系統、保護這些系統免受電子干擾,並將它們整合進決策速度必須快過任何人類指揮官審慎思考的網路的能力。

例句二(宗教社會學:歐洲的世俗化)

原句

Sociologists of religion who study Western Europe, noting that church attendance has declined steadily across most of the continent since the middle of the twentieth century and that growing numbers of people describe themselves as having no religious affiliation, disagree over whether this pattern, which some theorists interpret as the inevitable result of modernization, education, and rising material security, reflects a genuine loss of belief or merely a shift from institutional membership toward private spirituality, a possibility that those who emphasize the persistence of "believing without belonging" take seriously.

斷行排列

Sociologists of religion

 who study Western Europe,

 noting that church attendance has declined steadily

  across most of the continent

  since the middle of the twentieth century

 and that growing numbers of people

  describe themselves as having no religious affiliation,

disagree

 over whether this pattern,

  which some theorists interpret as the inevitable result

   of modernization,

   education,

   and rising material security,

 reflects a genuine loss of belief

 or merely a shift from institutional membership

  toward private spirituality,

 a possibility

  that those

   who emphasize the persistence of "believing without belonging"

  take seriously.

主句

Sociologists of religion disagree over whether this pattern reflects a genuine loss of belief or merely a shift.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 disagree 要等到很後面才出現)

拆成短句

宗教社會學者看法不一。(主句)

這些學者研究西歐。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到兩件事。(noting,現在分詞片語)

教會出席率自二十世紀中葉以來在歐洲大部分地區持續下降。(第一個 that 子句,現在完成式)

越來越多人稱自己沒有宗教歸屬。(第二個 that 子句,與前者並列)

他們爭論這種模式意味著什麼。(over whether 名詞子句)

有些理論家把這種模式解讀為現代化、教育與物質安全提升的必然結果。(which 非限定關係子句,三個並列名詞)

它是否反映真正的信仰喪失。(whether 子句的第一個選項)

或只是從制度性成員身分轉向私人靈性。(or merely 並列片語)

這是一種可能性。(同位語 a possibility)

強調「有信仰而不歸屬」持續存在的人認真看待這種可能性。(that 關係子句,those who 結構,動詞 take 殿後)

中譯

研究西歐的宗教社會學者注意到,教會出席率自二十世紀中葉以來在歐洲大部分地區持續下降,且越來越多人稱自己沒有宗教歸屬,但他們對這種模式意味著什麼看法不一:有些理論家把它解讀為現代化、教育與物質安全提升的必然結果,但它究竟反映真正的信仰喪失,還是只是從制度性成員身分轉向私人靈性,後者是強調「有信仰而不歸屬」持續存在的人所認真看待的可能性。

例句三(飲食文化人類學:飲食禁忌的解釋)

原句

Anthropologists who study food taboos, noting that Jews and Muslims abstain from pork while Hindus, who revere the cow as a symbol of nurturing and non-violence, refuse beef, contend that such prohibitions cannot be explained by hygiene or nutrition alone, since a rule that marks which animals may be eaten also marks the boundary of a community, a function that Mary Douglas, interpreting the biblical dietary laws as a system of classification, emphasized when she argued that the forbidden animal is one that fits no clean category.

斷行排列

Anthropologists

 who study food taboos,

 noting that Jews and Muslims abstain from pork

  while Hindus,

   who revere the cow as a symbol of nurturing and non-violence,

  refuse beef,

contend

 that such prohibitions cannot be explained by hygiene or nutrition alone,

  since a rule

   that marks which animals may be eaten

  also marks the boundary of a community,

 a function

  that Mary Douglas,

   interpreting the biblical dietary laws as a system of classification,

  emphasized

   when she argued

    that the forbidden animal is one

     that fits no clean category.

主句

Anthropologists contend that such prohibitions cannot be explained by hygiene or nutrition alone.(主詞之後接 who 子句與 noting 片語,動詞 contend 要等到很後面才出現,since 子句再補充理由)

拆成短句

人類學者提出主張。(主句)

這些學者研究飲食禁忌。(who 關係子句)

他們注意到猶太人與穆斯林不吃豬肉。(noting,現在分詞片語)

印度教徒則不吃牛肉。(while 對比子句)

印度教徒把牛尊為養育與非暴力的象徵。(who 非限定關係子句,插在 Hindus 與 refuse 之間)

這類禁忌無法單靠衛生或營養來解釋。(contend 的受詞 that 子句,被動語態)

原因是規定哪些動物可吃的規則,同時也劃出社群的界線。(since 子句,內含 which 疑問子句作 marks 的受詞)

這是一種功能。(同位語 a function)

瑪麗.道格拉斯強調過這種功能。(that 關係子句,動詞 emphasized 被插入語推遠)

她把聖經飲食律法詮釋為一套分類系統。(interpreting,現在分詞片語)

她曾主張被禁的動物是不符合任何潔淨類別的動物。(when 子句,內含 that 同位語與 one that 關係子句)

中譯

研究飲食禁忌的人類學者注意到,猶太人與穆斯林不吃豬肉,而把牛尊為養育與非暴力象徵的印度教徒則不吃牛肉,因而主張這類禁忌無法單靠衛生或營養來解釋,因為規定哪些動物可吃的規則,同時也劃出社群的界線;這項功能,瑪麗.道格拉斯在把聖經飲食律法詮釋為一套分類系統時曾加以強調,主張被禁的動物就是不符合任何潔淨類別的動物。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的主詞 Military analysts 後面連著 who 子句與 observing 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現;observing 之內有三個並列主詞,動詞 have destroyed 殿後。argue 之後的 less...than... 比較結構,兩端各接 by 片語,than 之後又有三個並列的不定詞,最後一個帶 whose 子句,內含 faster than 比較結構。

例句二的主詞 Sociologists of religion 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語,內有兩個以 and 並列的 that 子句,動詞 disagree 要等到很後面才出現。over whether 子句內,this pattern 與動詞 reflects 之間插入 which 子句(三個並列名詞);句尾 a possibility 是前面整個 whether 選項的同位語,that 關係子句的主語是 those who...,動詞 take 殿後。

例句三的主詞 Anthropologists 後面連著 who 子句與 noting 片語,片語內 while 子句的主詞 Hindus 與動詞 refuse 之間,被 who 非限定關係子句隔開,動詞 contend 要等到更後面才出現。since 子句之後,a function 是同位語,其 that 關係子句中,Mary Douglas 與動詞 emphasized 之間插入 interpreting 片語,要讀到 emphasized 才完整。

另外,例句三只是從人類學角度解釋飲食禁忌,並未對任何宗教的規範作價值判斷。

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