歷史哲學 法律經濟學 文化人類學三個學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範
例句一(歷史哲學)
原句
Hegel's claim that world history is the progress of the consciousness of freedom, which unfolds through the successive rise and fall of peoples whose particular passions the "cunning of reason" employs for ends they themselves do not intend, has been criticized by later thinkers who, doubting that the past obeys any intelligible design, regard such a teleology as a retrospective fiction projected onto a record of contingency.
斷行排列
Hegel's claim
that world history is the progress of the consciousness of freedom,
which unfolds through the successive rise and fall of peoples
whose particular passions the "cunning of reason" employs
for ends
they themselves do not intend,
has been criticized by later thinkers
who,
doubting that the past obeys any intelligible design,
regard such a teleology as a retrospective fiction
projected onto a record of contingency.
主句
Hegel's claim has been criticized by later thinkers.(claim 後接長同位語子句,動詞 has been criticized 要等到很後面才出現)
拆成短句
黑格爾的主張受到後來思想家的批評。(主句,被動語態)
黑格爾主張世界歷史是自由意識的進展。(that 同位語子句,說明 claim 的內容)
這種進展透過各民族相繼興衰而展開。(which 非限定關係子句)
「理性的狡計」利用各民族特有的激情。(whose 關係子句,受詞 passions 前置)
這些激情被用來達成各民族自己並不意圖的目的。(for ends 之後接省略 that 的關係子句)
後來的思想家懷疑過去遵循任何可理解的設計。(doubting,現在分詞片語,插在 who 與動詞之間)
他們把這種目的論視為事後的虛構。(who 子句的主要動詞 regard)
這種虛構被投射到一份偶然性的紀錄上。(projected,過去分詞片語,修飾 fiction)
中譯
黑格爾主張世界歷史是自由意識的進展,這種進展透過各民族的相繼興衰而展開,「理性的狡計」利用各民族特有的激情去達成它們自己並不意圖的目的;這項主張受到後來思想家的批評,他們懷疑過去遵循任何可理解的設計,認為這種目的論不過是投射在偶然性紀錄之上的事後虛構。
例句二(法律經濟學)
原句
Because the Coase theorem holds that, in the absence of transaction costs, parties will bargain to an efficient outcome regardless of how legal entitlements are initially assigned, scholars of law and economics, observing that real transactions are invariably burdened by costs of information and enforcement, contend that the law should allocate rights to whichever party can avoid harm most cheaply, thereby minimizing the losses that bargaining would otherwise fail to correct.
斷行排列
Because the Coase theorem holds
that,
in the absence of transaction costs,
parties will bargain to an efficient outcome
regardless of how legal entitlements are initially assigned,
scholars of law and economics,
observing that real transactions are invariably burdened
by costs of information and enforcement,
contend
that the law should allocate rights
to whichever party can avoid harm most cheaply,
thereby minimizing the losses
that bargaining would otherwise fail to correct.
主句
Scholars of law and economics contend that the law should allocate rights to whichever party can avoid harm most cheaply.(Because 子句是原因副詞子句,真正的主詞在第一個逗號之後才出現)
拆成短句
法律經濟學者主張法律應把權利分配給某一方。(主句,contend + that 子句,內含 should 表應然)
寇斯定理主張某件事。(Because 子句,說明原因)
在沒有交易成本時,當事人會談判出有效率的結果。(that 子句,內含插入的 in the absence of 片語)
無論法律上的權利起初如何分配,都是如此。(regardless of how 子句)
學者觀察到真實交易總是被成本所拖累。(observing,現在分詞片語,插在主詞與動詞之間)
那些成本是資訊與執行的成本。(by 片語,被動式 burdened)
權利應歸於能以最低成本避免損害的一方。(whichever 子句,名詞性關係子句,作 to 的受詞)
這樣可以將損失降到最低。(thereby minimizing,現在分詞片語,表結果)
談判原本無法矯正那些損失。(that 關係子句,內含 would otherwise fail to)
中譯
由於寇斯定理主張,在沒有交易成本的情況下,無論法律上的權利起初如何分配,當事人都會談判出有效率的結果,法律經濟學者便觀察到真實的交易總是受資訊與執行成本所拖累,因而主張法律應把權利分配給能以最低成本避免損害的一方,以將談判原本無法矯正的損失降到最低。
例句三(文化人類學)
原句
Clifford Geertz, arguing that culture is not a power to which social events can be causally attributed but a context within which they can be intelligibly described, urged anthropologists to practice "thick description," an interpretive method that, by attending to the layers of meaning embedded in a gesture such as a wink, distinguishes the involuntary twitch from the conspiratorial signal that observers sharing the same code would recognize at once.
斷行排列
Clifford Geertz,
arguing that culture is not a power
to which social events can be causally attributed
but a context
within which they can be intelligibly described,
urged anthropologists to practice "thick description,"
an interpretive method
that,
by attending to the layers of meaning
embedded in a gesture
such as a wink,
distinguishes the involuntary twitch
from the conspiratorial signal
that observers
sharing the same code
would recognize at once.
主句
Clifford Geertz urged anthropologists to practice "thick description."(arguing 片語插在主詞與動詞之間,urge + 受詞 + 不定詞)
拆成短句
格爾茨敦促人類學家實踐「厚描」。(主句)
他主張文化不是一種力量。(arguing,現在分詞片語,內含 not...but... 對比)
社會事件不能被因果性地歸因於這種力量。(to which 關係子句,被動語態)
他主張文化是一種脈絡。(but 之後的對比項)
社會事件在這脈絡中可以被合理地描述。(within which 關係子句)
厚描是一種詮釋方法。(同位語)
這方法關注嵌在姿態中的多層意義。(by + 動名詞,表方式)
那些姿態例如眨眼。(such as 片語;embedded 為過去分詞片語)
這方法能區分無意識的抽動與密謀的暗號。(that 關係子句的主要動詞 distinguishes)
共享同一套符碼的觀察者會立刻認出那暗號。(that 關係子句,內含現在分詞片語 sharing)
中譯
格爾茨主張,文化不是一種能被用來因果性地歸因社會事件的力量,而是一種能讓社會事件得以被合理描述的脈絡,因此敦促人類學家實踐「厚描」;這種詮釋方法透過關注眨眼這類姿態所蘊含的層層意義,區分出無意識的抽動與密謀的暗號,後者是共享同一套符碼的觀察者會立刻認出的。
三句的共同提醒
例句一的主詞 claim 後面拖著同位語子句,裡頭又嵌 which、whose、for ends 三層,動詞 has been criticized 遲遲才出現,要先把整段擋住再找動詞。
例句二的 Because 子句內有插入的 in the absence of 片語,主句主詞之後又有 observing 片語,先擋住才看得出 scholars...contend 這條主幹。
例句三的 arguing 片語內有 not...but... 對比,每項各帶一個 which 關係子句;後半的 that 子句中,by attending 片語先於動詞 distinguishes,最後的 that 子句內 sharing 片語插在主詞與動詞之間,建議由內層往外讀。
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