台灣社會自由民主化的推手李登輝

 【長難句破解示範】台灣社會自由民主化的推手李登輝

●例句（120 words）

Lee Teng-hui, who was born in 1923 under Japanese rule and earned a doctorate in agricultural economics at Cornell University, and who, having succeeded Chiang Ching-kuo upon his death in 1988 as the first president born in Taiwan, faced a Kuomintang dominated by mainland-born conservatives, is credited with steering the island toward democracy by terminating in 1991 the emergency provisions that had kept the representatives elected on the mainland in the late 1940s in office for four decades, a step that, together with the full re-election of the legislature and the popular election of the president in 1996, completed a peaceful transition, though critics, noting that money politics flourished under his leadership, question how much of the credit he deserves.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Lee Teng-hui,

who was born in 1923 under Japanese rule

and earned a doctorate in agricultural economics at Cornell University,

and who,

having succeeded Chiang Ching-kuo upon his death in 1988

as the first president born in Taiwan,

faced a Kuomintang

dominated by mainland-born conservatives,

is credited with steering the island toward democracy

by terminating in 1991

the emergency provisions

that had kept the representatives

elected on the mainland in the late 1940s

in office for four decades,

a step

that,

together with the full re-election of the legislature

and the popular election of the president in 1996,

completed a peaceful transition,

though

critics,

noting that money politics flourished under his leadership,

question

how much of the credit he deserves.

●分解為原初的短小句

Lee Teng-hui is credited with steering the island toward democracy.（主結構，10字。主詞 Lee Teng-hui 與動詞 is credited 之間插入近四十個字，必須跳到 is credited 才看得到動詞。）

Lee was born in 1923 under Japanese rule.

Lee earned a doctorate in agricultural economics at Cornell University.

Lee succeeded Chiang Ching-kuo upon his death in 1988.

Lee was the first president born in Taiwan.

Lee faced a Kuomintang.

Mainland-born conservatives dominated the Kuomintang.

Lee terminated the emergency provisions in 1991.

The provisions had kept the representatives in office for four decades.

The representatives had been elected on the mainland in the late 1940s.

The termination was a step.

The legislature was fully re-elected.

The president was popularly elected in 1996.

The step, together with the re-election and the popular election, completed a peaceful transition.

Critics note that money politics flourished under his leadership.

Critics question how much of the credit he deserves.

●文法解析

主句：Lee Teng-hui…is credited with steering。is credited with 後接動名詞，這是被動語態加介係詞的結構。

who was born…and earned…, and who, having succeeded…, faced…：兩個 who 關係子句用 and 對等連接。第一個內含兩個對等動詞 was born 與 earned，第二個內含完成式分詞片語 having succeeded，表示更早發生。

as the first president born in Taiwan：born 是過去分詞片語，代替被動式關係子句。

a Kuomintang dominated by…：過去分詞片語修飾 Kuomintang。

by terminating…the emergency provisions that had kept…：介係詞 by 後接動名詞，受詞 provisions 被 that 關係子句修飾。受詞較長，所以 in 1991 插在動名詞與受詞之間。

kept the representatives elected on the mainland…in office：keep A in office 是固定句型，A 被過去分詞片語 elected 修飾，所以 in office 被推到很後面。

a step that, together with…, completed：同位語加關係子句，插入語 together with 連接兩個並列名詞片語。

though critics, noting that…, question how…：though 引導讓步子句。noting 是現在分詞片語，後接 that 名詞子句。question 的受詞是 how 引導的名詞子句。

●參考譯文

李登輝1923年出生於日本統治時期，在康乃爾大學取得農業經濟學博士學位。1988年蔣經國逝世後，他繼任總統，是第一位在台灣出生的總統，卻必須面對由大陸出生的保守派主導的國民黨。他被認為引領台灣走向民主，關鍵在於1991年終止動員戡亂時期臨時條款，該條款曾讓1940年代末在大陸選出的民意代表任職長達四十年。這一步連同國會全面改選與1996年總統直選，完成了和平轉型，不過批評者指出金權政治在他任內蓬勃發展，質疑他究竟該得多少功勞。

●補充說明

emergency provisions 指《動員戡亂時期臨時條款》，1948年通過，凍結憲法中的部分規定，使第一屆國會議員不必改選。

full re-election 指1991年國民大會與1992年立法院的全面改選。1990年大法官釋字第261號解釋要求資深中央民意代表在1991年底前退職，所以這項改革不全是李登輝一人之功。

popular election 指1996年首次總統直接民選，李登輝當選。此前總統由國民大會間接選出。

money politics 指金權政治，批評者認為本土化與民主化的過程中，黑道與財團勢力也滲入政壇，這是他備受爭議的一面。

李登輝的歷史評價有分歧：支持者強調他的和平轉型與本土化，批評者質疑他的金權政治、兩岸政策與黨內權鬥。學界也普遍認為民主化是反對運動、社會力量與統治菁英共同作用的結果，所以句中以 is credited with 標示歸屬，並以 though 讓步子句收尾，保持學術上的審慎。

●長難句組合寫作練習

不看例句，用譯文與上列16個短句組合回原來的長句：

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