百年國恥論、鴉片戰爭、甲午戰爭 三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

百年國恥論、鴉片戰爭、甲午戰爭　三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

例句一（百年國恥論）

原句

The narrative of the Century of Humiliation, which Chinese nationalists of both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party elaborated in the early twentieth century and which the Communist government, noting that it casts the party as the force that ended foreign domination, revived in a patriotic education campaign launched after the 1989 protests, portrays the years from the Opium War of 1839 to the founding of the People's Republic in 1949 as an age of foreign aggression and unequal treaties, a reading that historians, who observe that it simplifies a record of both outside pressure and internal failure, treat as a political construction as much as a historical account, a construction that nevertheless shapes how many Chinese citizens, who learn it in school, interpret every dispute with foreign powers.

斷行排列

The narrative of the Century of Humiliation,

　which Chinese nationalists of both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party elaborated in the early twentieth century

　and which the Communist government,

　　noting that it casts the party as the force

　　　that ended foreign domination,

　revived in a patriotic education campaign

　　launched after the 1989 protests,

portrays the years

　from the Opium War of 1839 to the founding of the People's Republic in 1949

　as an age of foreign aggression and unequal treaties,

　a reading

　　that historians,

　　　who observe that it simplifies a record of both outside pressure and internal failure,

　　treat as a political construction as much as a historical account,

　a construction

　　that nevertheless shapes

　　　how many Chinese citizens,

　　　　who learn it in school,

　　　interpret every dispute with foreign powers.

主句

The narrative of the Century of Humiliation portrays the years from 1839 to 1949 as an age of foreign aggression and unequal treaties.（主詞後先接兩個並列的 which 子句，第二個內含 noting 片語與過去分詞片語，動詞 portrays 要讀很久才出現）

拆成短句

百年國恥論這套敘事把那段歲月描繪為外來侵略與不平等條約的時代。（主句，portrays...as）

國民黨與共產黨的民族主義者在二十世紀初闡述了這套敘事。（which 關係子句，which 為 elaborated 的受詞）

共產黨政府後來重新啟用了它。（and which 並列，revived）

政府注意到它把共產黨塑造成終結外國支配的力量。（noting，現在分詞片語，插在 government 與 revived 之間）

這股力量結束了外國的支配。（that 關係子句）

重新啟用發生在一場愛國主義教育運動中。（in 片語）

這場運動在 1989 年的抗議之後展開。（launched，過去分詞片語）

這段歲月從 1839 年的鴉片戰爭起，到 1949 年人民共和國成立止。（from...to）

這是一種解讀。（同位語 a reading）

歷史學者把這種解讀視為政治建構，同時也是歷史敘述。（that 子句，historians 為主詞，動詞 treat...as...as much as）

歷史學者觀察到它簡化了外部壓力與內部失敗並存的紀錄。（who 關係子句，observe that，插在 historians 與 treat 之間）

這是一項建構。（同位語 a construction）

它仍然形塑許多中國公民如何詮釋爭端。（that 子句，nevertheless shapes，how 名詞子句為受詞）

這些公民在學校學到這套敘事。（who 關係子句，插在 citizens 與 interpret 之間）

他們用它詮釋每一場與外國的爭端。（interpret every dispute）

參考翻譯

百年國恥論這套敘事，由國民黨與共產黨的民族主義者於二十世紀初闡述，後來共產黨政府注意到它把共產黨塑造成終結外國支配的力量，因而在 1989 年抗議之後展開的愛國主義教育運動中重新啟用，把 1839 年鴉片戰爭到 1949 年人民共和國成立之間，描繪為外來侵略與不平等條約的時代；歷史學者觀察到這種解讀簡化了外部壓力與內部失敗並存的紀錄，視它既是政治建構也是歷史敘述，但這項建構仍形塑著在學校學到它的許多中國公民如何詮釋每一場與外國的爭端。

例句二（鴉片戰爭，中英）

原句

The Opium War, which broke out in 1839 after the Qing commissioner Lin Zexu, seeking to end a trade that drained silver from the empire and addicted millions of its subjects, destroyed the opium that British merchants had surrendered under pressure, ended in 1842 with the Treaty of Nanjing, a settlement that obliged the Qing court to cede Hong Kong Island to Britain, open five ports to foreign trade, and pay an indemnity, terms that Chinese writers, who stress that they were imposed by force after military defeat, count as the first of the unequal treaties, and that British officials, who defended the war as a response to Chinese restrictions on trade, presented as the opening of a closed market.

斷行排列

The Opium War,

　which broke out in 1839

　　after the Qing commissioner Lin Zexu,

　　　seeking to end a trade

　　　　that drained silver from the empire and addicted millions of its subjects,

　　destroyed the opium

　　　that British merchants had surrendered under pressure,

ended in 1842 with the Treaty of Nanjing,

　a settlement

　　that obliged the Qing court

　　　to cede Hong Kong Island to Britain,

　　　open five ports to foreign trade,

　　　and pay an indemnity,

　terms

　　that Chinese writers,

　　　who stress that they were imposed by force after military defeat,

　　count as the first of the unequal treaties,

　　and that British officials,

　　　who defended the war as a response to Chinese restrictions on trade,

　　presented as the opening of a closed market.

主句

The Opium War ended in 1842 with the Treaty of Nanjing.（主詞後先接 which 子句，內含 after 子句、現在分詞片語與兩層關係子句，動詞 ended 要讀很久才出現）

拆成短句

鴉片戰爭於 1842 年以《南京條約》告終。（主句，ended with）

這場戰爭在 1839 年爆發。（which 關係子句，broke out）

爆發在清朝欽差大臣林則徐銷毀鴉片之後。（after 子句，Lin Zexu 為主詞，動詞 destroyed）

林則徐想終結一種貿易。（seeking，現在分詞片語，插在 Lin Zexu 與 destroyed 之間）

這種貿易使白銀外流並使帝國數百萬子民成癮。（that 關係子句，兩個並列動詞 drained 與 addicted）

被銷毀的鴉片是英國商人迫於壓力交出的。（that 關係子句，過去完成式 had surrendered）

《南京條約》是一項和約。（同位語 a settlement）

它迫使清廷割讓香港島給英國。（that 關係子句，obliged...to，三個並列不定詞之一）

它迫使清廷開放五個通商口岸。（並列不定詞 open）

它也迫使清廷支付賠款。（並列不定詞 pay）

這些是條款。（同位語 terms）

中國的作者把它們視為不平等條約之首。（that 子句，writers 為主詞，動詞 count as）

這些作者強調條款是在軍事失敗後被強加的。（who 關係子句，stress that）

英國官員則把它們呈現為封閉市場的開放。（and that 並列，officials 為主詞，動詞 presented as）

這些官員為戰爭辯護，稱那是對中國貿易限制的回應。（who 關係子句，defended...as）

參考翻譯

鴉片戰爭於 1839 年爆發，起因是清朝欽差大臣林則徐為終結一種使白銀外流、使帝國數百萬子民成癮的貿易，而銷毀英國商人迫於壓力交出的鴉片；戰爭於 1842 年以《南京條約》告終，條約迫使清廷割讓香港島給英國、開放五個口岸通商並支付賠款，中國的作者強調這些條款是在軍事失敗後被強加的，視之為不平等條約之首，而英國官員則為戰爭辯護，稱那是對中國貿易限制的回應，並把這些條款呈現為封閉市場的開放。

例句三（甲午戰爭，中日）

原句

The Sino-Japanese War of 1894 to 1895, which began over influence in Korea after a peasant uprising there led the Korean court to request Qing help and gave Japan a pretext to send its own troops, and which reached its climax when the Beiyang Fleet, a modern navy that the Qing had spent years building, was destroyed at Weihaiwei, ended with the Treaty of Shimonoseki, a settlement that recognized Korean independence, ceded Taiwan, the Penghu Islands, and the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan, and imposed an indemnity of 200 million taels of silver, terms that Chinese reformers, who saw in the defeat by a neighbor that had modernized after 1868 proof that adopting Western technology alone was not enough, took as a call for deeper institutional change, and that Russia, Germany, and France, intervening to protect their own interests in northern China, partly reversed by pressing Japan to return the Liaodong Peninsula.

斷行排列

The Sino-Japanese War of 1894 to 1895,

　which began over influence in Korea

　　after a peasant uprising there

　　　led the Korean court to request Qing help

　　　and gave Japan a pretext to send its own troops,

　and which reached its climax

　　when the Beiyang Fleet,

　　　a modern navy

　　　　that the Qing had spent years building,

　　was destroyed at Weihaiwei,

ended with the Treaty of Shimonoseki,

　a settlement

　　that recognized Korean independence,

　　ceded Taiwan, the Penghu Islands, and the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan,

　　and imposed an indemnity of 200 million taels of silver,

　terms

　　that Chinese reformers,

　　　who saw in the defeat by a neighbor that had modernized after 1868

　　　　proof that adopting Western technology alone was not enough,

　　took as a call for deeper institutional change,

　　and that Russia, Germany, and France,

　　　intervening to protect their own interests in northern China,

　　partly reversed by pressing Japan to return the Liaodong Peninsula.

主句

The Sino-Japanese War ended with the Treaty of Shimonoseki.（主詞後先接兩個並列的 which 子句，內含 after 子句與 when 子句，動詞 ended 要讀很久才出現）

拆成短句

甲午戰爭以《馬關條約》告終。（主句，ended with）

這場戰爭起於對朝鮮影響力的爭奪。（which 關係子句，began over）

起因是朝鮮發生農民起義。（after 子句，peasant uprising 為主詞）

起義使朝鮮朝廷請求清朝協助。（led...to request，不定詞）

起義也讓日本有了出兵的藉口。（and gave 並列，a pretext to send 不定詞）

戰爭在北洋艦隊被毀時達到高潮。（and which 並列，reached its climax when）

北洋艦隊是一支現代海軍。（同位語 a modern navy）

清朝為建立它花了多年。（that 關係子句，had spent years building）

艦隊在威海衛被摧毀。（was destroyed，被動語態）

《馬關條約》是一項和約。（同位語 a settlement）

條約承認朝鮮獨立。（that 關係子句，三個並列動詞之一）

條約把台灣、澎湖與遼東半島割讓給日本。（並列動詞 ceded）

條約並課以兩億兩白銀的賠款。（並列動詞 imposed）

這些是條款。（同位語 terms）

中國改革者把這些條款視為深化制度變革的呼籲。（that 子句，reformers 為主詞，動詞 took as）

這些改革者從敗給一個 1868 年後已現代化的鄰國，看出僅採用西方技術並不足夠。（who 關係子句，saw...proof that，內含 that 同位語子句）

俄、德、法三國則部分推翻了這些條款。（and that 並列，Russia, Germany, and France 為主詞，動詞 reversed）

三國為保護自己在中國北方的利益而介入。（intervening，現在分詞片語）

它們的方法是向日本施壓，要求歸還遼東半島。（by pressing，介係詞加動名詞）

參考翻譯

甲午戰爭起於對朝鮮影響力的爭奪，當時朝鮮農民起義使朝鮮朝廷請求清朝協助，也讓日本有了出兵的藉口；戰爭在清朝花了多年建立的現代海軍北洋艦隊於威海衛被摧毀時達到高潮，並以《馬關條約》告終，條約承認朝鮮獨立、把台灣、澎湖與遼東半島割讓給日本，並課以兩億兩白銀的賠款；中國改革者從敗給一個 1868 年後已現代化的鄰國，看出僅採用西方技術並不足夠，因而把這些條款視為深化制度變革的呼籲，而俄、德、法三國為保護自己在中國北方的利益而介入，向日本施壓要求歸還遼東半島，部分推翻了這些條款。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的主詞 The narrative 後面先接兩個以 and 並列的 which 子句，第一個的 which 是 elaborated 的受詞，第二個內含 noting 片語、that 關係子句與 launched 過去分詞片語，動詞 portrays 要讀很久才出現。句尾 a reading 是前面整個 portrays 句的同位語，其 that 子句中，historians 與 treat 之間插了 who 子句，內含 observe that 與 both...and 並列。a construction 是第二層同位語，其 that 子句內是 how 名詞子句當 shapes 的受詞，citizens 與 interpret 之間又插了 who 子句。

例句二的主詞 The Opium War 後面接 which 子句，內含 after 子句：Lin Zexu 與 destroyed 之間插了 seeking 片語，片語內有 that 關係子句與兩個並列動詞 drained 和 addicted，動詞 ended 要讀很久才出現。a settlement 與 terms 是兩層同位語，前者的 that 子句內有三個並列不定詞 cede、open、pay，後者的兩個 that 子句以 and 並列：前者 writers 與 count as 之間插了 who 子句，後者 officials 與 presented 之間插了 who 子句。

例句三的主詞 The Sino-Japanese War 後面先接兩個以 and 並列的 which 子句，第一個內含 after 子句，其中 led 與 gave 兩個動詞並列，第二個內含 when 子句，Beiyang Fleet 與 was destroyed 之間插了同位語 a modern navy，動詞 ended 要讀很久才出現。a settlement 與 terms 是兩層同位語，前者內有三個並列動詞，後者的兩個 that 子句以 and 並列：前者 reformers 與 took 之間插了 who 子句，內含 saw...proof that 同位語子句，後者 Russia, Germany, and France 與 reversed 之間插了 intervening 片語，句尾以 by 加動名詞收束。

另外，這三句涉及政治史與歷史詮釋，我採描述性寫法，並同時呈現中方與英方、不同立場的觀點，不代表我的立場。若要用於正式教材，建議再核對下列細節：

百年國恥的起訖年有 1839、1840、1842 等不同說法，終點多取 1949 年；例句採 1839 年到 1949 年。

愛國主義教育運動一般指 1990 年代初開始、在 1989 年抗議之後推動的政策。

林則徐銷毀鴉片的地點在虎門，英商是被迫交出鴉片；《南京條約》的五口為廣州、廈門、福州、寧波、上海。

北洋艦隊在 1894 年黃海海戰受重創，1895 年 2 月在威海衛覆滅；《馬關條約》賠款為二億兩庫平銀；三國干涉還遼之後，清廷另付了三千萬兩的「贖遼費」。