語意學 政治哲學 一位一體論三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範
例句一(語意學:弗雷格的意義與指稱)
原句
Semanticists who follow Frege, observing that two expressions may refer to the same object while differing in the way that object is presented, argue that a theory of meaning which identified the sense of a name with its bearer alone would be unable to explain why the identity statement "Hesperus is Phosphorus," which astronomers established only after patient observation, is informative whereas "Hesperus is Hesperus," a sentence that any competent speaker accepts at once, is not.
斷行排列
Semanticists
who follow Frege,
observing that two expressions may refer to the same object
while differing in the way
that object is presented,
argue
that a theory of meaning
which identified the sense of a name with its bearer alone
would be unable to explain
why the identity statement "Hesperus is Phosphorus,"
which astronomers established only after patient observation,
is informative
whereas "Hesperus is Hesperus,"
a sentence
that any competent speaker accepts at once,
is not.
主句
Semanticists argue that a theory of meaning would be unable to explain why the identity statement is informative.(主詞 Semanticists 之後接 who 子句與 observing 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現)
拆成短句
語意學者提出主張。(主句)
這些學者追隨弗雷格。(who 關係子句)
他們觀察到兩個表達式可以指稱同一個對象。(observing,現在分詞片語)
但兩者呈現該對象的方式不同。(while differing,內含 the way that 關係結構)
一種意義理論會無法解釋一件事。(argue 的受詞 that 子句,虛擬語氣 would)
這種理論把名稱的意義單單等同於其承載者。(which 關係子句,假設語氣 identified)
同一性陳述「長庚星就是啟明星」具有資訊價值。(why 名詞子句)
天文學家是經過耐心觀察才確立這項同一性。(which 非限定關係子句)
「長庚星就是長庚星」卻沒有資訊價值。(whereas 對比子句,省略 is informative,以 is not 收尾)
任何稱職的說話者都會立即接受這個句子。(同位語 a sentence 之後的 that 關係子句)
中譯
追隨弗雷格的語意學者觀察到,兩個表達式可以指稱同一個對象,卻以不同方式呈現該對象,因而主張,一種把名稱的意義單單等同於其承載者的意義理論,將無法解釋為何天文學家經耐心觀察才確立的同一性陳述「長庚星就是啟明星」具有資訊價值,而任何稱職說話者都會立即接受的句子「長庚星就是長庚星」卻沒有。
例句二(政治哲學:羅爾斯與社群主義的批評)
原句
Rawls, who sought to show that principles of justice for a society's basic structure could be chosen by parties deprived of knowledge of their own class, talents, and conception of the good, maintained that such parties, reasoning behind a veil of ignorance that filters out the arbitrary contingencies of birth, would adopt two principles of justice, a conclusion that communitarian critics, contending that persons are constituted by attachments they have not chosen, reject on the ground that it presupposes an implausibly unencumbered self.
斷行排列
Rawls,
who sought to show
that principles of justice for a society's basic structure
could be chosen by parties
deprived of knowledge of their own class,
talents,
and conception of the good,
maintained
that such parties,
reasoning behind a veil of ignorance
that filters out the arbitrary contingencies of birth,
would adopt two principles of justice,
a conclusion
that communitarian critics,
contending that persons are constituted by attachments
they have not chosen,
reject on the ground
that it presupposes an implausibly unencumbered self.
主句
Rawls maintained that such parties would adopt two principles of justice.(主詞 Rawls 之後接長長的 who 子句,動詞 maintained 要等到很後面才出現)
拆成短句
羅爾斯提出主張。(主句)
他試圖證明一件事。(who 關係子句)
社會基本結構的正義原則,可以由不知道自己階級、才能與善觀念的各方來選定。(show 的受詞 that 子句,內含被動語態與過去分詞片語 deprived of,三個並列名詞)
這些立約各方會採用兩項正義原則。(maintained 的受詞 that 子句)
他們是在無知之幕後進行推理。(reasoning,現在分詞片語,插在主詞與動詞之間)
無知之幕濾除了出身的任意偶然性。(that 關係子句)
這個結論受到社群主義批評者的拒斥。(同位語 a conclusion,後接 that 關係子句,省略的受詞即 conclusion)
這些批評者主張人是由他們未曾選擇的依附關係所構成。(contending,現在分詞片語,內含省略關係詞的 attachments they have not chosen)
他們拒斥的理由是這個結論預設了一個不切實際、不受牽絆的自我。(on the ground that 子句)
中譯
試圖證明社會基本結構的正義原則可以由不知道自己階級、才能與善觀念的各方來選定的羅爾斯主張,這些立約各方在濾除出身任意偶然性的無知之幕後進行推理,會採用兩項正義原則;社群主義批評者主張人是由他們未曾選擇的依附關係所構成,並以這個結論預設了一個不切實際、不受牽絆的自我為由加以拒斥。
例句三(一位一體神論:對三位一體教義的批評)
原句
Unitarian theologians, who hold that God is a single person rather than a Trinity of three co-equal persons, appeal to the observation that the creedal formula of Nicaea, which declared the Son to be of one substance with the Father, employs philosophical vocabulary absent from the New Testament, a fact that they take to show that the doctrine which trinitarians, defending it as a mystery transcending reason, have elaborated across centuries of conciliar debate is a later development rather than apostolic teaching.
斷行排列
Unitarian theologians,
who hold that God is a single person
rather than a Trinity of three co-equal persons,
appeal
to the observation
that the creedal formula of Nicaea,
which declared the Son to be of one substance with the Father,
employs philosophical vocabulary
absent from the New Testament,
a fact
that they take to show
that the doctrine
which trinitarians,
defending it as a mystery transcending reason,
have elaborated across centuries of conciliar debate
is a later development
rather than apostolic teaching.
主句
Unitarian theologians appeal to the observation that the creedal formula of Nicaea employs philosophical vocabulary absent from the New Testament.(主詞之後接 who 子句,動詞 appeal to 要等到很後面才出現,observation 之後的 that 子句是同位語子句)
拆成短句
一位一體論神學家訴諸一項觀察。(主句)
這些神學家主張上帝是單一位格。(who 關係子句)
上帝不是由三個同等位格組成的三位一體。(rather than 片語)
尼西亞信經的公式使用了新約聖經所沒有的哲學詞彙。(observation 的同位語 that 子句,內含過去分詞片語 absent from)
這條公式宣告聖子與聖父同一本質。(which 非限定關係子句,declare...to be 結構)
這是一個事實。(同位語 a fact)
他們認為這個事實足以顯示一件事。(that they take to show,關係子句,take...to show 結構)
那項教義是較晚出現的發展,而非使徒的教導。(show 的受詞 that 子句,內含 rather than)
三位一體論者把這項教義辯護為超越理性的奧祕。(defending,現在分詞片語,插在 which 與動詞之間)
他們歷經數世紀的大公會議辯論來闡述這項教義。(which 關係子句的動詞 have elaborated)
中譯
主張上帝是單一位格而非由三個同等位格組成的三位一體的一位一體論神學家,訴諸一項觀察:尼西亞信經的公式宣告聖子與聖父同一本質,卻使用了新約聖經所沒有的哲學詞彙;他們認為這個事實足以顯示,三位一體論者辯護為超越理性的奧祕,並歷經數世紀大公會議辯論而闡述的那項教義,是較晚出現的發展,而非使徒的教導。
三句的共同提醒
例句一的主詞 Semanticists 後面連著 who 子句與 observing 片語,動詞 argue 要等到很後面才出現;argue 之後的 that 子句內,why 名詞子句是 explain 的受詞,其中 whereas 引導的對比子句省略了 informative,只剩 is not 收尾,建議先抓 Semanticists argue that a theory would be unable to explain 這條主幹。
例句二的主詞 Rawls 與動詞 maintained 之間隔著整個 who 子句,子句內的 deprived of 是過去分詞片語,後面有三個並列名詞;maintained 之後的 that 子句內,such parties 與 would adopt 之間又被 reasoning 片語切開。句尾的 a conclusion 是 two principles of justice 的同位語,那個 that 關係子句的動詞 reject 被 contending 片語推到很後面。
例句三的主詞 Unitarian theologians 與動詞 appeal 之間隔著 who 子句;observation 之後的 that 子句內,which 非限定關係子句插在主詞 the creedal formula 與動詞 employs 之間。句尾的 a fact that they take to show that... 是兩層 that 子句疊加,內層的 the doctrine 與動詞 is 之間,又被 which trinitarians ... have elaborated 這個關係子句(內含 defending 片語)整個隔開,建議先找出最後的 is a later development 才回頭拆解。
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