中國共產黨統治的兩個三十年

 【長難句破解示範】中國共產黨統治的兩個三十年

第一句：1949-1979（約130 words）

●例句

The Communist Party, which proclaimed the People's Republic in 1949 after defeating the Nationalists and, having redistributed land from landlords to peasants, moved quickly to collectivize agriculture and nationalize industry, ruled for three decades through campaigns of mass mobilization, notably the Great Leap Forward, whose unrealistic production targets contributed to a famine in which tens of millions died between 1959 and 1961, and the Cultural Revolution, which Mao Zedong launched in 1966 to purge alleged bourgeois elements within the Party and which plunged the country into factional violence until his death in 1976, so that when Deng Xiaoping, having been twice purged and rehabilitated, consolidated power in 1978, he inherited an economy that, although it had built a heavy-industrial base and raised literacy and life expectancy, remained poor and isolated.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

The Communist Party,

which proclaimed the People's Republic in 1949

after defeating the Nationalists

and,

having redistributed land from landlords to peasants,

moved quickly to collectivize agriculture and nationalize industry,

ruled for three decades

through campaigns of mass mobilization,

notably the Great Leap Forward,

whose unrealistic production targets

contributed to a famine

in which tens of millions died between 1959 and 1961,

and the Cultural Revolution,

which Mao Zedong launched in 1966

to purge alleged bourgeois elements within the Party

and which plunged the country into factional violence

until his death in 1976,

so that

when

Deng Xiaoping,

having been twice purged and rehabilitated,

consolidated power in 1978,

he inherited an economy

that,

although it had built a heavy-industrial base

and raised literacy and life expectancy,

remained poor and isolated.

●分解為原初的短小句

The Communist Party ruled for three decades through campaigns of mass mobilization.（主結構，11字。主詞 Party 之後被 which 子句插入四十餘字，要跳到 ruled 才看到動詞。）

The Party proclaimed the People's Republic in 1949.

The Party had defeated the Nationalists.

The Party redistributed land from landlords to peasants.

The Party moved quickly to collectivize agriculture and nationalize industry.

The Great Leap Forward was one notable campaign.

Its unrealistic production targets contributed to a famine.

Tens of millions died in the famine between 1959 and 1961.

The Cultural Revolution was another notable campaign.

Mao Zedong launched it in 1966 to purge alleged bourgeois elements within the Party.

It plunged the country into factional violence until his death in 1976.

Deng Xiaoping had been twice purged and rehabilitated.

Deng consolidated power in 1978.

Deng inherited an economy.

The Party had built a heavy-industrial base and raised literacy and life expectancy.

The economy nevertheless remained poor and isolated.

●文法解析

主句：Party…ruled。which 子句有兩個對等動詞 proclaimed 與 moved，由 and 連接，中間插入完成式分詞片語 having redistributed。

after defeating：介係詞後接動名詞。to collectivize…and nationalize…：不定詞對等連接。

notably the Great Leap Forward, whose…, and the Cultural Revolution, which…：兩個同位語並列，各帶一個關係子句。whose 是所有格關係代名詞。

a famine in which tens of millions died：介係詞加關係代名詞。

which Mao launched…to purge…and which plunged…：兩個 which 子句用 and 對等連接，前者的 which 是 launched 的受詞，後者的 which 是 plunged 的主詞。

so that when…he inherited：so that 引導結果子句，內嵌 when 子句。having been twice purged and rehabilitated 是被動完成式分詞片語。

an economy that, although it had built…, remained：although 讓步子句插在 that 與動詞 remained 之間。

●參考譯文

中國共產黨於1949年擊敗國民黨後宣告成立中華人民共和國，並在將土地由地主重分配給農民之後，迅速推動農業集體化與工業國有化。此後三十年，黨透過群眾動員運動統治，著名的有大躍進與文化大革命。大躍進不切實際的生產指標導致1959至1961年的饑荒，死亡人數達數千萬。文革由毛澤東於1966年發動，意在清洗黨內所謂的資產階級分子，使國家陷入派系暴力，直到1976年他去世。因此1978年曾兩度被整肅又平反的鄧小平鞏固權力時，承接的是一個雖已建立重工業基礎、提高識字率與預期壽命，卻仍貧窮且孤立的經濟體。

●補充說明

collectivize / nationalize 分別指集體化與國有化。

mass mobilization 指群眾動員，是毛時代的典型治理方式。

大躍進饑荒的死亡人數，學界估計差異很大，約在一千五百萬至五千萬以上，所以句中只用 tens of millions。

這個時期的評價並非全然負面。識字率與預期壽命的提升是多數學者承認的成就，句中以 although 讓步子句呈現。

中共官方對毛時代的定調，是功績為主、晚年有嚴重錯誤，與多數海外學者的評價有落差。

第二句：1979-2009（約123 words）

●例句

The Communist Party, which after 1978 abandoned class struggle as its guiding principle and, under Deng Xiaoping, introduced market incentives by dissolving the people's communes, opening coastal special economic zones to foreign investment, and later permitting private enterprise, presided over three decades of growth averaging nearly ten percent a year, an expansion that lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty and, after China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001, made the country the world's largest exporter, yet preserved a one-party system in which the Party, having crushed the 1989 protests in Tiananmen Square, continued to censor the press, jail dissidents, and tolerate corruption and widening inequality, problems that critics, citing mounting social unrest, warned that growth could not conceal indefinitely.

●排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

The Communist Party,

which after 1978 abandoned class struggle

as its guiding principle

and,

under Deng Xiaoping,

introduced market incentives

by dissolving the people's communes,

opening coastal special economic zones to foreign investment,

and later permitting private enterprise,

presided over three decades of growth

averaging nearly ten percent a year,

an expansion

that lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty

and,

after China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001,

made the country the world's largest exporter,

yet preserved a one-party system

in which the Party,

having crushed the 1989 protests in Tiananmen Square,

continued to censor the press,

jail dissidents,

and tolerate corruption and widening inequality,

problems

that critics,

citing mounting social unrest,

warned that growth could not conceal indefinitely.

●分解為原初的短小句

The Communist Party presided over three decades of growth and preserved a one-party system.（主結構，14字，兩個對等動詞。主詞之後被 which 子句插入三十餘字。）

The Party abandoned class struggle as its guiding principle after 1978.

Under Deng Xiaoping the Party introduced market incentives.

It dissolved the people's communes.

It opened coastal special economic zones to foreign investment.

It later permitted private enterprise.

Growth averaged nearly ten percent a year.

The expansion lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty.

China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001.

The expansion made China the world's largest exporter.

The Party crushed the 1989 protests in Tiananmen Square.

The Party continued to censor the press, jail dissidents, and tolerate corruption and widening inequality.

Critics cited mounting social unrest.

Critics warned that growth could not conceal these problems indefinitely.

●文法解析

主句：Party…presided over…yet preserved。兩個動詞由 yet 對等連接，表示轉折。

which…abandoned…and, under Deng Xiaoping, introduced…by dissolving…, opening…, and…permitting：which 子句內有兩個對等動詞。by 後接三個並列動名詞。

growth averaging nearly ten percent：現在分詞片語，代替主動式關係子句。

an expansion that lifted…and, after…, made…：同位語加關係子句，兩個對等動詞之間插入 after 子句。made 後接受詞加受詞補語。

a one-party system in which the Party, having crushed…, continued to…：介係詞加關係代名詞，內含完成式分詞片語，continued 後接三個對等不定詞。

problems that critics, citing…, warned that growth could not conceal：that 是 conceal 的受詞，但被 warned that 名詞子句隔開，這是長難句的典型寫法。

●參考譯文

中國共產黨於1978年後放棄以階級鬥爭為指導原則，並在鄧小平領導下，透過解散人民公社、開放沿海經濟特區吸引外資、後來又允許私人企業，引進市場誘因。黨主導了平均年增約百分之十的三十年成長，這項擴張使數億人脫離貧困，並在2001年中國加入世界貿易組織後，使中國成為全球最大出口國。然而黨也維持一黨體制，在1989年鎮壓天安門廣場的抗議之後，繼續審查媒體、監禁異議者，並容忍貪腐與日益擴大的不平等。批評者以日增的社會動盪為據，警告這些問題不是成長所能長久掩蓋的。

●補充說明

class struggle 指階級鬥爭。1978年十一屆三中全會把工作重心轉向經濟建設，常被視為改革開放的起點。

special economic zones 指經濟特區，1980年起設立深圳、珠海、汕頭與廈門。

made China the world's largest exporter 指2009年中國超越德國，時間上接近本句終點。

「脫貧數億人」是世界銀行等機構的常見估計，細節因貧困線定義而異。

這個時期的評價同樣有分歧：支持者強調發展成就，批評者強調政治壓制與不平等。句中以 critics 標示批評者立場，並用 yet 呈現轉折，維持歸屬明確。

●長難句組合寫作練習

不看例句，用譯文與各句的短小句，分別組合回兩個長句：

1949-1979：_______________________________________________________

1979-2009：_______________________________________________________

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