無神論、無政府主義、虛無主義 三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

無神論、無政府主義、虛無主義

三句學術型超複雜文法結構長難句分解示範

例句一(無神論)

原句

Atheism, which in its broadest sense denotes the absence of belief in any deity and which philosophers such as Michael Martin, distinguishing negative atheism, the mere lack of belief, from positive atheism, the explicit denial that any god exists, treat as a family of positions rather than a single doctrine, is often confused with agnosticism, a term that T. H. Huxley coined in 1869 to describe a method of withholding claims to knowledge that cannot be demonstrated, a confusion that defenders of the distinction, who note that one may lack belief without claiming certainty, resolve by saying that atheism concerns belief whereas agnosticism concerns knowledge, though critics, arguing that the two can overlap in a single person, contend that the line is less sharp than such a tidy division suggests.

斷行排列

Atheism,

 which in its broadest sense denotes the absence of belief in any deity

 and which philosophers such as Michael Martin,

  distinguishing negative atheism,

   the mere lack of belief,

  from positive atheism,

   the explicit denial that any god exists,

 treat as a family of positions

  rather than a single doctrine,

is often confused with agnosticism,

 a term

  that T. H. Huxley coined in 1869

   to describe a method of withholding claims to knowledge

    that cannot be demonstrated,

 a confusion

  that defenders of the distinction,

   who note

    that one may lack belief without claiming certainty,

  resolve by saying

   that atheism concerns belief

   whereas agnosticism concerns knowledge,

  though critics,

   arguing that the two can overlap in a single person,

  contend that the line is less sharp

   than such a tidy division suggests.

主句

Atheism is often confused with agnosticism.(主詞後先接兩個並列的 which 子句,內含分詞片語與兩層同位語,被動語態的 is often confused 要讀很久才出現)

拆成短句

無神論常與不可知論混淆。(主句,被動語態)

無神論最廣義是指不相信任何神。(which 非限定關係子句)

哲學家如邁克爾・馬丁把它視為一族立場。(and which 並列,treat as)

這些立場不是單一教義。(rather than 片語)

馬丁區分消極無神論與積極無神論。(distinguishing,現在分詞片語)

消極無神論只是缺乏信仰。(同位語 the mere lack of belief)

積極無神論是明確否認任何神存在。(同位語,the denial that 同位語子句)

不可知論是一個詞。(同位語 a term)

赫胥黎在 1869 年創造了這個詞。(that 關係子句)

他用它描述一種方法,即不對無法證明之事主張知識。(不定詞 to describe,that 子句)

這是一種混淆。(同位語 a confusion)

主張區分兩者的人想化解這種混淆。(that 子句,defenders 為主詞,動詞 resolve)

他們指出人可以缺乏信仰而不主張確定。(who 關係子句,note that)

他們說無神論關乎信仰。(by saying that)

他們說不可知論關乎知識。(whereas 並列)

批評者則持不同看法。(though 子句,critics 為主詞)

批評者指出兩者可以在同一個人身上重疊。(arguing,現在分詞片語)

批評者主張界線不如這種整齊劃分所顯示的那麼分明。(contend that,less...than 比較結構)

参考翻譯

無神論最廣義是指不相信任何神,哲學家如馬丁區分只是缺乏信仰的消極無神論與明確否認任何神存在的積極無神論,把它視為一族立場而非單一教義,它常與赫胥黎於 1869 年為描述不對無法證明之事主張知識的方法而創造的不可知論混淆;主張區分兩者的人指出人可以缺乏信仰而不主張確定,因而說無神論關乎信仰、不可知論關乎知識,以化解這種混淆,但批評者指出兩者可在同一個人身上重疊,認為界線不如這種整齊劃分所顯示的那麼分明。

例句二(無政府主義)

原句

Anarchism, which Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who declared in 1840 that property is theft and who was among the first to call himself an anarchist, helped shape in the nineteenth century, rejects compulsory hierarchical authority, above all the state, in favor of voluntary association, a position that supporters, pointing to the collectivized factories and farms that anarchist-led unions ran in parts of Spain during the civil war of 1936–1939, cite as evidence that self-organization can work, whereas critics, who argue that without a coercive authority the strong would dominate the weak, reply that those experiments were brief and unfolded under wartime conditions, a reply that anarchists, who distinguish the absence of rulers from the absence of order, answer by saying that the state is itself a chief source of organized violence.

斷行排列

Anarchism,

 which Pierre-Joseph Proudhon,

  who declared in 1840 that property is theft

  and who was among the first to call himself an anarchist,

 helped shape in the nineteenth century,

rejects compulsory hierarchical authority,

 above all the state,

 in favor of voluntary association,

 a position

  that supporters,

   pointing to the collectivized factories and farms

    that anarchist-led unions ran in parts of Spain

    during the civil war of 1936–1939,

  cite as evidence

   that self-organization can work,

 whereas critics,

  who argue

   that without a coercive authority the strong would dominate the weak,

 reply

  that those experiments were brief

  and unfolded under wartime conditions,

 a reply

  that anarchists,

   who distinguish the absence of rulers from the absence of order,

  answer by saying

   that the state is itself a chief source of organized violence.

主句

Anarchism rejects compulsory hierarchical authority.(主詞後先接長長的 which 子句,which 是 helped shape 的受詞,內含兩個並列的 who 子句,動詞 rejects 要讀很久才出現)

拆成短句

無政府主義拒絕強制性的層級權威。(主句,rejects)

這種主義受到蒲魯東在十九世紀的影響。(which 子句,which 為 helped shape 的受詞)

蒲魯東在 1840 年宣稱財產就是盜竊。(who 關係子句)

他也是最早自稱無政府主義者的人之一。(and who 並列)

它尤其拒絕國家。(above all 片語)

它主張以自願結社取而代之。(in favor of)

這是一種立場。(同位語 a position)

支持者引這種立場為證據。(that 子句,supporters 為主詞,動詞 cite as)

支持者指出西班牙部分地區的集體化工廠與農場。(pointing to,現在分詞片語)

這些工廠與農場由無政府主義者主導的工會經營。(that 關係子句,ran)

時間是 1936 至 1939 年內戰期間。(during 片語)

證據顯示自組織行得通。(evidence that 同位語子句)

批評者則持不同看法。(whereas 子句,critics 為主詞,動詞 reply)

批評者主張沒有強制權威,強者會支配弱者。(who 關係子句,argue that)

批評者回應那些實驗為時短暫。(reply that,第一個 that 子句)

批評者也回應那些實驗是在戰時條件下進行的。(and unfolded,並列)

這是一種回應。(同位語 a reply)

無政府主義者回應這種回應。(that 子句,anarchists 為主詞,動詞 answer)

他們區分沒有統治者與沒有秩序。(who 關係子句,distinguish A from B)

他們說國家本身就是有組織暴力的主要來源之一。(answer by saying that)

参考翻譯

無政府主義在十九世紀受到蒲魯東(他在 1840 年宣稱財產就是盜竊,也是最早自稱無政府主義者的人之一)的影響,拒絕強制性的層級權威,尤其是國家,主張以自願結社取而代之;支持者指出西班牙部分地區在 1936 至 1939 年內戰期間由無政府主義者主導的工會所經營的集體化工廠與農場,引為自組織行得通的證據,但批評者主張沒有強制權威、強者會支配弱者,並回應那些實驗為時短暫且在戰時條件下進行,對此,區分沒有統治者與沒有秩序的無政府主義者則回應說,國家本身就是有組織暴力的主要來源之一。

例句三(虛無主義)

原句

Nihilism, a term that Friedrich Jacobi used in a 1799 letter to Fichte and that Ivan Turgenev popularized in his 1862 novel Fathers and Sons through the character Bazarov, who rejects all inherited authority, denotes in philosophy the view that values, meaning, or truth lack objective foundation, a view that Friedrich Nietzsche, who announced that God is dead, treated as a crisis to be overcome rather than a doctrine to be embraced, arguing that new values must be created, whereas critics, who object that nihilism undermines the very reasons one could give for asserting it, hold that it is self-defeating, a charge that defenders, who distinguish moral nihilism from existential nihilism, say applies only to some versions.

斷行排列

Nihilism,

 a term

  that Friedrich Jacobi used in a 1799 letter to Fichte

  and that Ivan Turgenev popularized in his 1862 novel Fathers and Sons

   through the character Bazarov,

    who rejects all inherited authority,

denotes in philosophy the view

 that values, meaning, or truth lack objective foundation,

 a view

  that Friedrich Nietzsche,

   who announced that God is dead,

  treated as a crisis to be overcome

   rather than a doctrine to be embraced,

   arguing that new values must be created,

 whereas critics,

  who object

   that nihilism undermines the very reasons

    one could give for asserting it,

 hold that it is self-defeating,

 a charge

  that defenders,

   who distinguish moral nihilism from existential nihilism,

  say applies only to some versions.

主句

Nihilism denotes in philosophy the view that values, meaning, or truth lack objective foundation.(主詞後先接同位語 a term 與兩個並列的 that 子句,內含 who 子句,動詞 denotes 要讀很久才出現)

拆成短句

虛無主義在哲學上指一種看法。(主句,denotes)

這種看法是價值、意義或真理缺乏客觀基礎。(view that 同位語子句)

虛無主義是一個詞。(同位語 a term)

雅各比在 1799 年給費希特的信中用過這個詞。(that 關係子句,used)

屠格涅夫在 1862 年的小說《父與子》中使這個詞普及。(and that 並列,popularized)

他是透過角色巴札羅夫做到的。(through 片語)

巴札羅夫拒絕一切承襲而來的權威。(who 關係子句)

這是一種看法。(同位語 a view)

尼采把這種看法視為有待克服的危機。(that 子句,Nietzsche 為主詞,動詞 treated as)

尼采宣布上帝已死。(who 關係子句)

他不把它視為應被接受的教義。(rather than 片語)

尼采主張必須創造新的價值。(arguing,現在分詞片語)

批評者則持不同看法。(whereas 子句,critics 為主詞,動詞 hold)

批評者反對虛無主義削弱了人們主張它時所能提出的理由。(who 關係子句,object that,省略關係代名詞的子句 one could give)

批評者認為它自相矛盾。(hold that it is self-defeating)

這是一種指控。(同位語 a charge)

辯護者回應這種指控。(that 子句,defenders 為主詞,動詞 say)

辯護者區分道德虛無主義與存在虛無主義。(who 關係子句,distinguish A from B)

辯護者說這種指控只適用於某些版本。(say applies only to)

参考翻譯

虛無主義這個詞,雅各比於 1799 年給費希特的信中用過,屠格涅夫又於 1862 年的小說《父與子》中,透過拒絕一切承襲權威的角色巴札羅夫使它普及,在哲學上指價值、意義或真理缺乏客觀基礎的看法;宣布上帝已死的尼采把這種看法視為有待克服的危機而非應被接受的教義,主張必須創造新的價值,而批評者反對虛無主義削弱了人們主張它時所能提出的理由,認為它自相矛盾,對於這項指控,區分道德虛無主義與存在虛無主義的辯護者則說,它只適用於某些版本。

三句的共同提醒

例句一的主詞 Atheism 後面先接兩個以 and 並列的 which 子句,第二個內含 distinguishing 分詞片語與兩層同位語,動詞 is confused 要讀很久才出現。句尾 a term 與 a confusion 是兩層同位語,前者修飾 agnosticism,後者是前面整個 is confused 句的同位語。其 that 子句中,defenders 與 resolve 之間插了 who 子句,by saying 之後以 whereas 並列兩方;though 子句中,critics 與 contend 之間又插了 arguing 片語,句尾 less sharp than 是比較結構。

例句二的主詞 Anarchism 後面先接 which 子句,which 是 helped shape 的受詞,Proudhon 與 helped shape 之間插了兩個並列的 who 子句,所以要回頭找動詞 rejects。句尾 a position 與 a reply 是兩層同位語,前者的 that 子句中,supporters 與 cite 之間插了 pointing to 片語,內含 that 子句;whereas 子句中,critics 與 reply 之間插了 who 子句,reply 之後以 and 並列兩個 that 子句。後者的 that 子句中,anarchists 與 answer 之間又插了 who 子句。

例句三的主詞 Nihilism 之後先接同位語 a term,內含兩個以 and 並列的 that 子句,第二個後面還接 through 片語與 who 子句,動詞 denotes 要讀很久才出現。句尾 a view 與 a charge 是兩層同位語,前者的 that 子句中,Nietzsche 與 treated 之間插了 who 子句,rather than 之後再接 arguing 片語;whereas 子句中,critics 與 hold 之間插了 who 子句,內含省略關係代名詞的 one could give。後者的 that 子句中,defenders 與 say 之間又插了 who 子句,所以 say 是插入語,applies 才是子句的動詞。

另外,這三個主題都涉及有爭議的哲學與政治立場,我採描述性寫法,以「支持者」「批評者」「辯護者」呈現各方論點,不替任何一種立場下結論。赫胥黎 1869 年創造「不可知論」、蒲魯東 1840 年《什麼是財產?》、西班牙內戰 1936–1939 年、雅各比 1799 年致費希特的信、屠格涅夫 1862 年《父與子》等,取自一般廣泛引用的資料,若要用於正式教材,建議再核對原典。

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