養牛業 Boviculture

養牛業 Boviculture

● 字源

Boviculture（養牛業）由拉丁文 bos（所有格 bovis，「牛」）加上 cultura（「耕種、培養」）組成，字面意為「牛的飼養」。此詞同樣是仿 agriculture、apiculture 等詞造出的複合詞，極為罕見，多數詞典未收，一般英語更常說 cattle farming、cattle raising 或 cattle ranching。指人類繁育、飼養牛隻的產業，用途包括供應乳品、肉品、皮革與役力，也涵蓋牧場、乳牛場與肉牛育肥場的經營。養牛業屬於畜牧業，與乳品產業、食品產業、動物福利、環境議題關係密切。中文譯為「養牛業」。

● 例句（80字長句）

Hardly did city folk stop to realize that boviculture, which requires the patient breeding and tending of cattle to supply tables, dairies, tanneries, and fields as well as to maintain the pastures and barns that keep herds strong, is measured less by the abundance of a cheese board than by the early, weary labor it demands, until public protest, if ignored, drove careless and greedy ranchers to reform lots that had long seemed profitable to their owners and distant from their customers.

● 排列為比較容易閱讀的方式

Hardly did city folk stop to realize that boviculture,

which requires the patient breeding and tending of cattle to supply tables, dairies, tanneries, and fields as well as to maintain the pastures and barns that keep herds strong,

is measured less by the abundance of a cheese board than by the early, weary labor it demands,

until public protest,

if ignored,

drove careless and greedy ranchers to reform lots

that had long seemed profitable to their owners and distant from their customers.

● 分解為原初的短小句

City folk hardly stopped to realize something.

（Hardly 置句首，主詞與助動詞倒裝為 did city folk；stop to realize 為「停下來去體會」，to realize 為不定詞，表目的；realize 後接 that 名詞子句。）

Boviculture requires the patient breeding and tending of cattle.

（which 非限定關係子句，require 表「需要、要求」；breeding and tending 為並列名詞，of cattle 表對象；patient 修飾兩個並列名詞。）

The breeding and tending supply tables, dairies, tanneries, and fields with products and power.

（to supply 為不定詞片語，表目的；supply A 在此指「供應乳肉、皮革與役力給 A」，with products and power 為語意上被省略的部分；四項名詞以逗號並列。）

The breeding and tending also maintain the pastures and barns.

（as well as to maintain 與前一目的並列。）

The pastures and barns keep herds strong.

（that keep ... strong 為限定關係子句，修飾 pastures and barns；keep + 受詞 + 形容詞，表「使維持某種狀態」。）

Boviculture is measured less by the abundance than by the labor.

（less A than B 表「與其憑 A，不如憑 B」；is measured 為被動語態。）

A cheese board is abundant.

（of a cheese board 說明 abundance 的來源，指餐桌上乳製品的豐盛。）

Boviculture demands the early, weary labor.

（the early, weary labor it demands 省略了關係代名詞 that；early 與 weary 為並列形容詞，以逗號分隔。）

Public protest drove careless and greedy ranchers to reform lots.

（until 引導時間副詞子句；drive + 受詞 + to 不定詞，表「驅使某人做某事」；careless 與 greedy 為並列形容詞。）

The public protest was ignored.

（if ignored 為省略「主詞＋be」的條件子句。）

The lots had long seemed profitable to their owners and distant from their customers.

（that had long seemed ... 為限定關係子句；過去完成式表「此前很久以來一直」；profitable 為形容詞，distant 亦為形容詞，兩者並列；to their owners 與 from their customers 分別引出判斷與距離的對象。）

● 文法解析

Hardly 否定副詞倒裝結構：

Hardly did city folk stop to realize 以否定副詞置句首，助動詞 did 移到主詞 city folk 之前，語氣比 City folk hardly stopped to realize 更強。倒裝只作用於主句，that 之後的名詞子句恢復正常語序。本句把倒裝放在最前面，卻把 until 子句留到最後，讀者要讀完整個 that 子句，才知道「很少體會」其實是「直到輿論抗議才體會」。

which 非限定子句與 as well as：

boviculture, which requires ... 插在主詞 boviculture 與謂語 is measured 之間，屬補充說明。to supply tables, dairies, tanneries, and fields as well as to maintain the pastures and barns 以 as well as 把「供應產品與役力」與「維持牧場與牛舍」兩個不定詞目的並列，說明養牛業不只是飼養牲畜。that keep herds strong 再以限定關係子句說明牧場與牛舍的作用，其中 keep ... strong 是「使維持強健」的結構。

less ... than 比較結構與省略關係代名詞：

is measured less by the abundance of a cheese board than by the early, weary labor it demands 以 less A than B 作價值翻轉：衡量養牛業的標準，乳酪盤的豐盛較低，清晨即起的疲累勞作較高。the early, weary labor it demands 省略了受格關係代名詞 that，是限定關係子句中常見的省略；of a cheese board 使「豐盛」的來源具體化。

until 子句與 if ignored 省略結構：

until public protest ... drove careless and greedy ranchers to reform lots 以 until 引入轉折，說明認知的改變要等到危機出現。if ignored 夾在主詞 protest 與謂語 drove 之間，為 if it is ignored 的省略，省略了「主詞＋be」，it 指 public protest。這個插入語使主詞與動詞隔開，閱讀時要先記住 protest，等到 drove 才連得上。drove ... to reform 為「使役動詞＋受詞＋不定詞」結構。

that had long seemed profitable to their owners and distant from their customers：

that 引導限定關係子句修飾 lots，代替 lots 作子句主詞。had long seemed 使用過去完成式，表示在輿論抗議之前，人們長久以來都認為這些育肥場獲利豐厚且與顧客相隔遙遠，與主句過去式 drove 形成對照，呈現「長久以為穩固，後來才發現脆弱」的反轉。profitable 與 distant 同為形容詞，以 and 並列，各自接 to 與 from 的片語，呼應全句「早起疲累的勞作比豐盛的乳酪盤更重要」的主旨。

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